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Cone Penetrometer: Principles, Operation Guide, and Comprehensive Maintenance Manual

I. Overview

1. Introduction
The cone penetrometer, a specialized material testing device, is primarily used to measure the hardness or consistency of various coatings, paints, chemical products, and greases. By simulating a standard conical probe applying pressure to the sample surface and measuring its insertion depth, it assesses the sample’s resistance or hardness. The cone penetrometer, known for its simplicity, wide applicability, and high measurement accuracy, finds extensive use in industrial manufacturing, scientific research, and medical fields.

II. Principles

2. Working Mechanism
The cone penetrometer operates based on the indentation method in mechanics. It incorporates a standard conical probe (commonly referred to as the cone) and a pressure gauge (or displacement sensor). During testing, the cone is vertically pressed into the sample surface under a preset pressure, and the pressure gauge records the depth of cone penetration into the sample. This depth value reflects the sample’s resistance under given pressure, indicating its hardness or consistency. Multiple tests at different positions and directions, followed by averaging, ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results.

III. Operation Guide

3. Preparation
Ensure the cone penetrometer is in good working condition. Check the cone for cleanliness and damage. Prepare the sample to be tested. Depending on the test requirements, adjust the instrument’s temperature, pressure, and other parameters.

4. Sample Preparation
Place the sample on a flat testing platform, ensuring the sample surface is smooth and free of impurities. For tests requiring specific temperatures, heat or cool the sample to the designated temperature.

5. Cone Installation
Attach a clean cone to the instrument’s standard rod and secure it. Adjust the instrument’s level to ensure the cone can vertically penetrate the sample surface during testing.

6. Testing Procedure
Start the cone penetrometer and begin testing according to preset parameters. The cone gradually penetrates the sample surface under pressure, and the pressure gauge records the cone’s insertion depth in real-time. The instrument automatically stops the test upon reaching the preset time or depth.

7. Data Reading
After testing, read the cone’s insertion depth value from the instrument. For improved measurement accuracy, perform multiple tests at different positions and directions and calculate the average.

8. Cleanup and Maintenance
After testing, promptly clean the cone and testing platform. Remove and properly store the cone’s protective oil. Regularly maintain and calibrate the instrument to ensure long-term stable operation.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

9. Cone Wear or Damage

  • Symptom: Inaccurate or highly variable measurement results.
  • Repair Method: Inspect the cone for wear or damage and replace it if necessary. Ensure the cone is securely installed and its surface is clean and free of impurities.

10. Pressure Gauge Failure

  • Symptom: Incorrect display of cone insertion depth or unstable readings.
  • Repair Method: Check the pressure gauge’s connecting wires and sensors for proper function. If faulty, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel for repair or replacement.

11. Insufficient Instrument Levelness

  • Symptom: Test results significantly influenced by test position, with poor consistency.
  • Repair Method: Readjust the instrument’s levelness to ensure the cone can vertically penetrate the sample surface during testing. Use a level bubble or other tools for calibration.

12. Power or Circuit Fault

  • Symptom: Instrument failure to start or sudden shutdown during operation.
  • Repair Method: Check the power cord and plug for secure connection and proper power supply. For circuit faults, contact professionals for troubleshooting and repair.

13. Other Mechanical Faults

  • Symptom: Issues such as excessive instrument noise or restricted movement.
  • Repair Method: Inspect instrument components for looseness or damage and tighten or replace as necessary. Regularly lubricate and maintain the instrument to reduce mechanical wear and fault occurrence.

V. Brands and Models of Cone Penetrometers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  • Anton Paar
    • PMA.S: Cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt testing.
    • PMA.G: High-precision cone penetrometer for various samples.
  • Humboldt
    • H-1240: Automatic cone penetrometer for asphalt and soil.
    • H-1240.4F: Automatic cone penetrometer with cooling function.
  • Cannon Instrument Company
    • CAV-2000: Fully automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
    • CAV-2100: High-precision cone penetrometer with touchscreen control.
  • Metrohm
    • 856: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.
  • PIVOT
    • PIVOT Cone Penetrometer: Suitable for grease and asphalt.
  • ELE International
    • Digital Penetrometer: High-precision digital cone penetrometer for soil and asphalt.
  • Controls Group
    • Automatic Digital Penetrometer: Automatic digital cone penetrometer for asphalt and soil.
  • Testmak
    • Automatic Penetrometer: High-precision automatic cone penetrometer for various materials.
  • Koehler Instrument Company
    • K19500: Automatic cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.
    • K95500: High-precision cone penetrometer with touchscreen control.
  • PAC L.P. (Petroleum Analyzer Company)
    • Herzog HCP 5: High-precision automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Brookfield Ametek
    • BF35: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Stanhope-Seta
    • Seta Penetrometer: Digital automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Matest
    • A062: Automatic digital cone penetrometer for asphalt and grease.
  • TAMSON Instruments
    • TPC-72: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • IKA
    • PEN 10: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.

Longi Electromechanical Company specializes in the repair of cone penetrometers, with nearly 30 years of experience. We can quickly repair various instruments and also offer recycling and sales services for cone penetrometers. Welcome to consult.

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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters: Principles, Brands,Usage, and Common Fault Repairs

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters: Principles, Usage, and Common Fault Repairs

I. Overview

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters are precision instruments specifically designed for TLC analysis. They play a crucial role in accurately and uniformly applying samples onto TLC plates, significantly enhancing the precision and repeatability of sample application. This, in turn, boosts the accuracy and efficiency of TLC analysis through automation.

II. Principles

The working principle of TLC Spotters is based on precise control and positioning technology. The main components include a sample injection system, a moving platform, a control system, and an application needle. During operation, the control system precisely controls the movement and sample release of the application needle according to preset parameters such as sample volume, application position, and application speed. The needle releases the sample solution at a constant speed and pressure onto the specified position on the TLC plate, forming uniform and regular sample spots.

III. Usage

Preparation:

  • Ensure the TLC plate is clean, flat, and placed on the moving platform of the spotter.
  • Prepare an appropriate amount of sample solution based on analytical requirements.

Parameter Setting:

  • Set parameters such as sample volume, application position, and application speed through the spotter’s control interface.
  • Ensure these parameters meet analytical requirements.

Sample Loading:

  • Inject the sample solution into the sample injection system of the spotter.
  • Check for bubbles or impurities in the sample to avoid affecting application quality.

Starting Application:

  • Start the spotter, and the control system will automatically control the movement of the application needle to the specified position, releasing the sample solution at the set speed and pressure.
  • Observe the movement trajectory of the needle and the formation of sample spots during the application process.

Completing Application:

  • After application, turn off the spotter and remove the TLC plate for subsequent analysis.
  • Check the uniformity and consistency of the applied spots.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

Uneven Application:

  • Causes: Blocked needle, bubbles or impurities in the sample solution, too fast or too slow application speed.
  • Repair Methods: Clean the needle, ensure the sample solution is pure and free of impurities, adjust the application speed to an appropriate range.

Offset Application Position:

  • Causes: Inaccurate positioning of the moving platform, control system failure.
  • Repair Methods: Calibrate the moving platform to ensure accurate positioning; check control system connections and settings, and repair or replace if necessary.

Sample Leakage:

  • Causes: Poor sealing of the sample injection system, damaged needle.
  • Repair Methods: Inspect and replace sealing components, repair or replace the damaged needle.

Control System Failure:

  • Causes: Power supply failure, software errors, hardware damage.
  • Repair Methods: Check power supply connections and stability, restart or upgrade the software; for severe hardware damage, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel for replacement or repair.

Other Faults:

  • Faults such as mechanical component jamming and excessive noise should be investigated and repaired based on specific situations.

V. Brands and Models of TLC Spotters Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. CAMAG
    • Linomat 5: Manual TLC Spotter
    • Automatic TLC Sampler (ATS 4): Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Nanomat 4: Manual Spotter for Small Volume Samples
  2. Analtech
    • Spiral Plater: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Spotter 9: Automatic Spotter for Routine Applications
  3. Desaga (SARSTEDT)
    • AS 30: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • AS 3000: High-Throughput Automatic Spotter
  4. Merck (MilliporeSigma)
    • TLC Autosampler: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Automatic TLC Sampler 4 (ATS 4): High-Precision Automatic Spotter
  5. Shimadzu
    • Chromatopac C-R6A: High-Precision Spotter with Analytical Functions
  6. Biostep
    • Digisampler: Digitally Controlled Automatic TLC Spotter
  7. Knauer
    • BlueSpotter: Automatic TLC Spotter for Rapid Application and High-Throughput Analysis
  8. SiliCycle
    • SiliTLC: Manual Spotter for Various Applications
  9. Sciencix
    • TLC Spotter: Available in both manual and automatic models, suitable for various sample types
  10. IKA
    • TLC Spotting Station: Modular design suitable for various experimental needs

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing TLC spotters and can quickly repair various types of instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales services for various TLC spotters. Please feel free to consult us.

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Precision Chillers: Working Principle, Usage, and Common Fault Repair Guide

Precision Chillers: Working Principle, Usage, and Common Fault Repair Guide

I. Overview

Precision chillers are efficient and stable industrial auxiliary equipment widely used in fields requiring precise temperature control, such as laboratories, semiconductor manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and plastic processing. By circulating cooling water or other cooling media, they provide a constant low-temperature environment for various equipment and systems, ensuring process stability and product quality.

II. Working Principle

The working principle of precision chillers is based on the heat exchange principle in thermodynamics. The main components include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve, and water circulation system. The specific working principle is as follows:

  • Refrigerant Cycle: The refrigerant is compressed into high-temperature, high-pressure gas by the compressor, then enters the condenser where it releases heat through a cooling fan or natural cooling, condensing into high-pressure liquid. After passing through the expansion valve, the high-pressure liquid enters the evaporator, evaporates and absorbs heat under low pressure, absorbing heat from the circulating water and lowering its temperature.
  • Water Circulation System: Low-temperature cooling water is pumped to the equipment or system needing cooling, absorbs heat, and then returns to the evaporator for re-cooling, forming a closed cycle.
  • Automatic Control System: Through temperature sensors and controllers, the water temperature is monitored and adjusted in real-time to ensure it remains stable within the set range. The system is also equipped with protection and alarm devices to prevent equipment overload, refrigerant leakage, and other abnormalities.

III. Usage

  1. Installation and Debugging: Install the precision chiller correctly according to the equipment manual, and connect the water source, power supply, and drainage pipeline. Conduct a comprehensive inspection before starting to ensure all components are tightly connected and leak-free. Then, proceed with debugging and set the required water temperature and range.
  2. Startup and Operation: Turn on the power and start the compressor and water pump. Observe the indicator lights and display on the control panel to ensure the equipment is running normally. Adjust the water temperature and flow rate as needed to meet the cooling requirements of different equipment and systems.
  3. Maintenance and Upkeep: Regularly check the water quality and level of the cooling medium, and replace or replenish as necessary. Clean the surface dust and dirt on the condenser and evaporator to improve heat dissipation efficiency. Regularly inspect the operating status of key components such as the compressor and water pump, and promptly identify and address potential faults.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

  1. Insufficient Cooling Water Flow: Check if the water pump is working normally and if there are any blockages or leaks. Clear debris and dirt from the water pump inlet and outlet to ensure smooth water flow. If the water pump is severely damaged, replace it with a new one.
  2. High Water Temperature: Check if the condenser’s heat dissipation effect is good and if there is any dust or debris affecting heat dissipation. Clean the dust and dirt on the condenser surface and ensure the cooling fan is running normally. If the problem persists, it may be due to insufficient or leaking refrigerant; replenish the refrigerant and check for leakage points for repair.
  3. Compressor Fault: The compressor is one of the core components of the precision chiller, with common faults including overload, overheating, and starting difficulties. Check the compressor’s operating current and voltage for normality, and listen for any abnormal sounds or vibrations. If the compressor is severely damaged, replace it with a new one.
  4. Control System Fault: Issues such as inaccurate temperature display or control failure may be due to a damaged temperature sensor or controller fault. Check if the temperature sensor is damaged or detached, and replace it if necessary. If the controller fault is severe, replace it with a new one or seek professional repair.
  5. Other Faults: For issues such as pipeline leaks and damaged electrical components, take corresponding repair measures based on the specific situation. Promptly identify and address fault points to ensure the equipment resumes normal operation.

V. Common Faults and Repair Methods for Specific Models

  • JULABO
    • F Series: FL2503, FL3003, FL601
    • FC Series: FC600, FC1200
  • Lauda
    • Proline Series: RP 845, RP 1290
    • Ultracool Series: UC 6, UC 12
  • Huber
    • Unichiller Series: Unichiller 003-MPC, Unichiller 005-MPC, Unichiller 009-MPC
    • Minichiller Series: Minichiller 300, Minichiller 600
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • ThermoFlex Series: ThermoFlex 900, ThermoFlex 1400, ThermoFlex 2500
    • NESLAB HX Series: HX-150, HX-300, HX-750
  • PolyScience
    • DuraChill Series: DuraChill 6000, DuraChill 8000
    • Benchtop Chillers Series: 6000 Series, 8000 Series
  • VWR
    • VWR Series: VWR 1177PD, VWR 1180S, VWR 1187MD
  • Buchi
    • F Series: F-105, F-108, F-114
  • LabTech
    • H Series: H50-500, H50-1000
  • Peter Huber Kältemaschinenbau AG
    • Minichiller Series: Minichiller 300, Minichiller 600
    • Unichiller Series: Unichiller 003-MPC, Unichiller 005-MPC
  • Across International
    • Ai Series: Ai C30-25, Ai C30-40
  • JULABO USA, Inc.
    • FL Series: FL1200, FL2500, FL4003
  • Yamato Scientific
    • AD Series: AD-100, AD-200
  • Edwards
    • nXDS Series: nXDS6i, nXDS10i, nXDS15i
  • TAEevo Tech
    • TAEevo Tech Series: TAEevo Tech 051, TAEevo Tech 101
  • Grant Instruments
    • LT Ecocool Series: LT ecocool 150, LT ecocool 250
  • Haake (Thermo Scientific)
    • Phoenix II Series: Phoenix II C40P, Phoenix II C50P
  • Solid State (Japan)
    • ThermoCube
    • AHP-1202CPHC

Note: Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing precision chillers and can quickly repair various instruments. They also recycle and sell various precision chillers. For inquiries, please contact us.

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Comprehensive Guide to Moisture Analyzers: Principles, Usage, Faults, and Repair

Moisture Analyzer Overview

A moisture analyzer, also known as a moisture meter or a moisture detector, is a device used for the rapid and accurate determination of water content in substances. It finds extensive application in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, metallurgy, mining, coal, building materials, chemicals, food, grain, feed, seeds, tea, agriculture and forestry, papermaking, rubber, and textiles. With diverse working principles and usage methods, moisture analyzers may encounter various faults during operation, necessitating corresponding repair techniques.

Principles

The working principles of moisture analyzers are broadly classified into physical measurement methods and chemical measurement methods:

Physical Measurement Methods:

  • Weight Loss Method: This involves heating the sample to evaporate the moisture and calculating the water content based on the weight difference before and after heating. Examples include infrared moisture analyzers and microwave moisture analyzers, which use far-infrared or microwave radiation to heat the sample and accelerate moisture evaporation.
  • Distillation Stratification Method: This method separates water based on the boiling point differences of different substances and measures its volume or weight.
  • Gas Chromatography Analysis: This technique uses gas chromatography to separate and detect the water content in the sample.

Chemical Measurement Methods:

  • Karl Fischer Method: This is an internationally recognized standard method for measuring trace moisture. It involves the participation of water in the sample in an oxidation-reduction reaction with iodine and sulfur dioxide, generating pyridine hydroiodic acid and pyridine methyl sulfate. The consumed iodine is produced through electrolysis, and the reaction continues until the water is depleted. This method includes both volumetric and coulometric (electric) forms.

Usage Methods

The general usage steps for a moisture analyzer include:

  1. Installation and Calibration:
    • Install components such as windshields, triangular brackets, and tray brackets.
    • Calibrate the instrument using weights to ensure accurate measurements.
  2. Parameter Setting:
    • Set parameters such as temperature, drying method (e.g., microwave, infrared), and drying time as needed.
  3. Measurement Steps:
    • Place the sample on the sample tray, ensuring uniform distribution.
    • Start the instrument to begin the heating and measurement process.
    • Wait for the measurement to complete and record the data.

Common Faults and Repair Methods

  • Instrument Not Powering On:
    • Causes: Unstable voltage, blown fuse, improperly plugged-in cord.
    • Repair Methods: Check the power cord and plug, replace the fuse, ensure stable voltage.
  • Light Not Turning On:
    • Causes: Test button not pressed, excessive sample weight, loose heater, broken filament.
    • Repair Methods: Press the test button, adjust the sample weight, check and secure the heater, replace the filament.
  • Unstable Weighing:
    • Causes: Environmental influences (e.g., airflow), improperly placed sample tray, loose protective screws.
    • Repair Methods: Improve the measurement environment, reposition the sample tray, tighten the protective screws.
  • Large Measurement Error:
    • Causes: Low voltage, poor operating environment, uneven sample, instrument aging.
    • Repair Methods: Ensure stable voltage, improve the operating environment, take uniform samples, calibrate the instrument regularly.
  • Electrolysis Open Circuit or Short Circuit:
    • Causes: Poor plug contact, open or short-circuited electrode leads, electrode leakage.
    • Repair Methods: Check the plug and socket contact, replace open or short-circuited electrode leads, address electrode leakage.
  • Damaged or Contaminated Probe:
    • Causes: Physical impact, corrosion, improper cleaning.
    • Repair Methods: Replace the damaged probe, plan cleaning times reasonably, adopt correct cleaning methods.
  • Software Fault:
    • Causes: Software errors, no response.
    • Repair Methods: Reinstall the software or contact maintenance personnel for assistance.

Brands and Models of Moisture Analyzers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Mettler Toledo:
    • HX204: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • HS153: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • HE53: Economy moisture analyzer
    • HC103: General-purpose moisture analyzer
  2. Sartorius:
    • MA160: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • MA100: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • MA35: Basic moisture analyzer
    • MA37: Halogen moisture analyzer
  3. AND Instruments:
    • MX-50: Precision moisture analyzer
    • MF-50: Standard moisture analyzer
    • MS-70: Ultra-high precision moisture analyzer
  4. KERN:
    • DAB Series: DAB 100-3, DAB 200-2
    • DLB Series: DLB 160-3
  5. Shimadzu:
    • MOC-120H: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • MOC-63u: High-precision moisture analyzer
  6. Ohaus:
    • MB Series: MB120, MB90, MB45
  7. A&D:
    • HR-50: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • ML-50: Halogen moisture analyzer
  8. Precisa:
    • EM 120-HR: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • EM 120: Basic moisture analyzer
  9. RADWAG:
    • MA Series: MA 3Y, MA X2, MA R, MA 50.3Y
  10. Kett:
    • FD Series: FD-720, FD-610
  11. Denver Instrument:
    • IR Series: IR-35, IR-60
  12. Michell Instruments:
    • S8000 Series: S8000 Remote, S8000 RS
  13. CSC Scientific:
    • 100 Series: 100-0, 100-1
  14. Brookfield:
    • PFT: Laboratory moisture analyzer
  15. Thermo Fisher Scientific:
    • LDS Series: LDS 7000, LDS 7200
  16. KYOTO ELECTRONICS (Kyoto Denshi):
    • AT-710
    • MKH-700
      • Type: Volumetric/Coulometric Karl Fischer Moisture Meter
      • Features: Wide measurement range for water content (0μg to 500mg H2O), high measurement accuracy (0.3%), and fine measurement resolution (0.1μg)
    • ADP-611 Automatic Karl Fischer Sample Heating Processor
      • Used in conjunction with the Karl Fischer moisture meter for automatic sample heating to vaporize the water in the sample.
      • Features: Complies with ISO 15512 and ASTM D6869 furnace test requirements, with automatic heating, automatic scanning of sample evaporation temperature, and heated conduit from the furnace to the moisture meter to prevent condensation.
      • Technical Parameters: Temperature control range of 50 to 300°C, sample boat capacity of 16mL, gas flow rate of 70 to 300mL/min, etc.
    • Other Models:
      • MKV-710D: Volumetric titration moisture meter, Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKC-710D: Coulometric moisture meter, Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKH-710M: Mixed method Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKC-710B: Practical coulometric Karl Fischer moisture meter, Karl Fischer micro-water meter.
      • MKC-710S: Luxury Karl Fischer coulometric moisture meter.
      • MKC-710M: Flagship coulometric Karl Fischer moisture meter.

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing moisture analyzers and can quickly repair various types of instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales services for various moisture analyzers. Welcome to consult us.

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 Density Meter Comprehensive Guide: Operating Principles, Brands,Usage, Faults, and Maintenance

Density Meter Overview

The Density Meter is a precision instrument used to measure the density of objects. It finds wide application in laboratories, industrial production, and scientific research. By measuring the mass and volume of an object, it calculates density based on the definition of mass-to-volume ratio. Capable of measuring both solid and liquid densities, the density meter offers speed, accuracy, and ease of operation.

Principles

The fundamental principle of the density meter is based on Archimedes’ Principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. According to this principle, density meters are designed to float in liquids and indirectly measure liquid density by assessing the relationship between buoyancy and gravity. Various types of density meters, such as oscillating tube, hydrostatic, and radioactive isotope meters, may employ different working principles, but the core idea involves inferring density by measuring the force state of an object in a liquid.

Usage

Preparation:

  • Ensure the density meter is fully powered and its indication range and accuracy meet measurement requirements.
  • Clean the measurement container to ensure no impurities.

Measurement Steps:

  1. Determine Object Mass: Use a balance to measure and record the mass of the object to be tested.
  2. Place Measurement Container: Select a suitable measurement container, place it on the density meter platform, and eliminate bubbles.
  3. Fill Liquid: Slowly pour in the liquid to be measured until the surface is stable.
  4. Place Object: Gently place the object in the container, keeping it suspended and avoiding contact with the container walls.
  5. Read Measurement: Wait for the density meter to stabilize and read the density value on the display.

Common Faults and Repairs

Power Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Unable to start normally or sudden power-off, display shows nothing or abnormally.
  • Repair: Check power cord connection, replace power socket or cord. Ensure stable power supply and avoid excessive voltage fluctuations. For internal power module faults, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel.

Display Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Display shows garbled characters, no display, or unclear display.
  • Repair: Gently wipe the display to remove stains. If the problem persists, try restarting the density meter or contact the manufacturer for repair.

Sensor Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Measurement results are inaccurate or abnormal.
  • Repair: Clean the sensor to remove stains. If the sensor is damaged, replace it. For sensor calibration errors, recalibrate according to the manual or contact the manufacturer.

Connection Line Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Unstable or unable to connect the density meter to a computer or other devices.
  • Repair: Check if the connection plug is tightly inserted and replace damaged connection lines.

Temperature Drift:

  • Phenomenon: Measurement results are unstable or have large deviations at different temperatures.
  • Repair: Check the working environment temperature and avoid excessively high or low temperatures. For temperature drift issues, contact the manufacturer for repair or replace with a suitable density meter.

Leakage:

  • Phenomenon: The density meter leaks, resulting in poor measurement repeatability.
  • Repair: Inspect and replace damaged seals. Ensure proper sample handling, eliminate bubbles and suspended particles before measurement.

Maintenance and Care

  • Regular Inspection: After a period of use, check the accuracy of measurement results.
  • Regular Calibration: Perform regular calibration according to manual requirements to maintain the accuracy and stability of the density meter.
  • Cleaning: Clean containers and measurement components before and after use to avoid contamination.
  • Avoid Collision and Dropping: As a precision instrument, the density meter should be protected from collisions and drops.

Summary of Repaired Density Meter Brands and Models by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Anton Paar
    • DMA Series: DMA 35, DMA 1001, DMA 4101, DMA 4501, DMA 5000 M
  2. Mettler Toledo
    • D Series: DM40, DM45, DE45
  3. Rudolph Research Analytical
    • D Series: DDM 2910, DDM 2911, DDM 2911 Plus, DDM 2911 LAB
  4. Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing (KEM)
    • DA Series: DA-130N, DA-155N, DA-650, DA-640, DA-645, DA-860
  5. Emerson
    • Micro Motion Series: Micro Motion ELITE CMFS010M, CMFS015M, CMFS025M
  6. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • D Series: Densito 30PX, Densito 30PXU
  7. KEM
    • DA Series: DA-130N, DA-155N, DA-500
  8. DMA Lab
    • L Series: L100, L100i, L200
  9. LAUDA Scientific
    • iVisc: High-precision Density Meter
  10. Endress+Hauser
    • Liquiphant Series: FTL31, FTL33, FTL51
  11. Yokogawa
    • DM8: Fixed Density Meter
  12. KROHNE
    • Optisys Series: Optisys MCM2000, Optisys MCM1000
  13. Hach
    • Density Meter Series: 2100Q, 2100AN
  14. A&D
    • AD Series: AD-4212B, AD-4212C, AD-4212D
  15. Bopp & Reuther
    • Density Meter Series: DVO-68, DVO-69

With nearly 30 years of experience in repairing density meters, Longi Electromechanical can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales of various density meters. Welcome to consult.

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Comprehensive Analysis and Repair Guide for Potentiometric Titration Systems

I. Overview of Potentiometric Titration System

The potentiometric titration system is a widely used analytical instrument in fields such as chemistry, environmental protection, food, and pharmaceuticals. It observes and measures changes in the potential of a solution under test to determine the endpoint of titration analysis and perform quantitative analysis. The system consists of an indicator electrode and a reference electrode, forming a working cell that monitors potential changes during the titration process to accurately calculate the content of the component being tested.

II. Principle of Potentiometric Titration System

The basic principle of the potentiometric titration system is based on electrochemistry. In the titration solution, an indicator electrode and a reference electrode are inserted to form a working cell. As the titrant is gradually added, a chemical reaction occurs between the tested ions and the titrant, leading to changes in ion concentration and, consequently, corresponding changes in the potential of the indicator electrode. When approaching the stoichiometric point, significant changes in the concentration of the tested ions in the solution occur, resulting in a sudden jump in the potential of the indicator electrode. By observing and measuring changes in the electromotive force of the working cell, the endpoint of titration can be determined, and the content of the tested component can be calculated accordingly.

III. Usage Method of Potentiometric Titration System

Preparation:

  • Select appropriate indicator and reference electrodes based on the type of titration reaction.
  • Install the electrodes, ensuring correct connection of positive and negative terminals.
  • Install the burette and solenoid valve, connect relevant tubing, and fill with titration solution.

Parameter Setting:

  • Select the preset endpoint potential value and adjust the potentiometer to the required value.
  • Select the mv or pH range as needed and fix the preset potentiometer.

Titration Operation:

  • Start the titration, controlling the titration speed to avoid being too fast or too slow.
  • Observe potential changes. When approaching the endpoint, the potentiometer will automatically adjust the titration speed (e.g., approximately 0.02 ml each time) until reaching the endpoint potential.
  • The endpoint indicator light will illuminate, and a buzzer will sound, indicating the end of the titration.

Data Processing:

  • Record the volume of titrant consumed at the endpoint and calculate the content of the tested component using the formula.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods of Potentiometric Titration System

Inaccurate Reading:

  • Cause: Electrode contamination or expired indicator solution.
  • Repair Method: Clean the electrode surface to remove contamination; replace expired indicator solution.

Unstable Measurement:

  • Cause: Bubbles in the sample or incomplete immersion of the electrode.
  • Repair Method: Stir the sample to eliminate bubbles; adjust the electrode position and angle to ensure complete immersion in the sample.

Non-Responsive Electrode:

  • Cause: Electrode distortion or contamination.
  • Repair Method: Inspect the electrode appearance and replace if distorted; clean the electrode surface to remove contaminants.

Low Titration Liquid Level:

  • Cause: Insufficient injection or volume of titration liquid.
  • Repair Method: Fully inject the titration liquid; adjust the volume of titration liquid to ensure sufficiency.

Large Reading Fluctuation:

  • Cause: Electrode residue, expired or contaminated reagents, or loosely closed reagent bottle caps.
  • Repair Method: Clean and calibrate the electrode; check and replace expired or contaminated reagents; ensure tight closure of reagent bottle caps.

Leakage Issues:

  • Cause: Damaged liquid level sensor, open or clogged drip control valve.
  • Repair Method: Replace the liquid level sensor; check and close the drip control valve; clean the drip tubing.

Abnormal Display or Non-Function:

  • Cause: Power connection issues, damaged display screen.
  • Repair Method: Check power connections and supply; replace the damaged display screen.

Other Faults:

For complex issues such as internal circuit faults, sensor faults, and control board faults, it is recommended to contact professionals for repair.

V. Summary of Repaired Potentiometric Titration System Brands and Models by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Metrohm
    • Titrando Series: 888 Titrando, 890 Titrando, 905 Titrando, 906 Titrando
    • Eco Titrator: Basic Titration System
    • Ti-Touch Series: 916 Ti-Touch, 915 KF Ti-Touch
  2. Mettler Toledo
    • T70 Series: T70 Excellence, T90 Excellence
    • Compact Series: G20 Compact, G10 Compact, G30 Compact
    • InMotion Series: InMotion Flex, InMotion Max
    • EasyPlus Series: EasyPlus Titrator
  3. Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing (KEM)
    • AT Series: AT-710, AT-510
    • MKC Series: MKC-710, MKC-610
  4. Hanna Instruments
    • HI902C: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
    • HI931: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
  5. Hach
    • Titralab AT1000 Series: AT1102, AT1112, AT1122
  6. Titrando
    • T70: Universal Potentiometric Titration System
    • T90: Advanced Potentiometric Titration System
  7. Analytik Jena
    • Titration Excellence Series: TL 7000, TL 7750, TL 7800
  8. SI Analytics (Xylem)
    • TitroLine Series: TitroLine 5000, TitroLine 7000, TitroLine 7750
  9. Hiranuma
    • COM Series: COM-300A, COM-1700
  10. KNAUER
    • Smartline: Fully Automatic Potentiometric Titration System
  11. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • Orion Star T900: Potentiometric Titration System
  12. Bante Instruments
    • Bante900: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator

Longi Electromechanical has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing potentiometric titration systems and can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various potentiometric titration systems. Welcome to consult.

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LiDAR Technology: Comprehensive Analysis of Principles, Usage, Common Faults, and Repair Methods

Overview of LiDAR

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that utilizes laser pulses for ranging and speed measurement. By emitting laser pulses and measuring the time difference for their reflection back, it calculates the distance between objects and sensors. LiDAR is widely applied in autonomous driving, robotic navigation, surveying and mapping, terrain modeling, and is gradually penetrating consumer electronics such as smartphones, providing users with more precise and diverse functional experiences.

Principles

The working principles of LiDAR mainly involve the following steps:

  • Laser Pulse Emission: The LiDAR emitter sends out short, intense laser pulses, typically with wavelengths of 905nm or 1550nm in the near-infrared spectrum.
  • Target Reflection: When the laser pulses hit the surface of the target object, part of the laser energy is reflected back to the LiDAR system.
  • Time Measurement: The LiDAR receiver detects the reflected pulses and precisely measures the time difference from pulse emission to reception.
  • Distance Calculation: Knowing the speed of light, the distance between the LiDAR and the target object is calculated using the measured time difference.
  • Data Processing: The received signals are amplified, filtered, and digitized to extract information such as distance, speed, and shape of the target, which is used for imaging or further analysis.

Usage Method

Taking the LiDAR scanner on an iPhone as an example, the usage method is generally as follows:

  1. Enable Function: Go to the phone’s settings menu, find the “Camera” option under “Privacy”, and enable the “Measure” function.
  2. Open Camera App: In the camera app interface, the measuring tool icon will be displayed at the top; tap to enter LiDAR scanner mode.
  3. Align Target: Align the phone with the target object to be measured and move the phone to focus on different parts of the object.
  4. Perform Scan: Tap the white button on the screen to scan. The system will use LiDAR technology to quickly measure the object’s dimensions and distance, displaying the information on the screen.

Faults and Repair Methods

LiDAR may encounter various faults during usage. Common fault types and repair methods include:

  • Sensor Error:
    • Phenomenon: May cause communication interruption, abnormal scanning, etc.
    • Solution: Check if the device communication lines are unobstructed and confirm if there is any loosening or damage. Restart the device or replace the sensor if necessary.
  • Laser Beam Issue:
    • Phenomenon: May lead to inaccurate measurements or abnormal phenomena such as scattered points.
    • Solution: Calibrate the laser emitter and receiver to ensure stable beam quality. If the problem is severe, consider replacing the laser or repairing the device.
  • Data Transmission Problem:
    • Phenomenon: Data interruption, data loss, etc., may occur.
    • Solution: Check the contact and functionality of the device’s transmission pathways and communication lines. Replace the lines or device if faulty. For software issues, try upgrading or reinstalling the software.
  • Environmental Interference:
    • Phenomenon: Factors such as light and reflection may affect measurement results.
    • Solution: Ensure sufficient and stable ambient light during scanning and avoid interference from intense light sources or reflective objects.
  • Mechanical Component Fault (For Mechanical Rotating LiDAR):
    • Phenomenon: Issues like mirrors or prisms not rotating smoothly may limit the scanning range.
    • Solution: Check if the mechanical components are well-lubricated and clean and maintain them if necessary.

Summary

As a high-precision remote sensing technology, LiDAR plays a crucial role in multiple fields. By understanding its working principles and usage methods, users can better leverage this technology to enhance work efficiency and experience. Simultaneously, for potential faults, promptly adopting effective repair measures can ensure the stable operation and accurate measurement of the LiDAR system. With continuous technological advancements, the application prospects of LiDAR will become even broader.

Brands and Models of LiDAR Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Velodyne Lidar
    • Alpha Prime™: Advanced LiDAR sensor
    • VLS-128™: High-resolution 128-channel LiDAR
    • VLP-32C Ultra Puck™: High-performance, compact LiDAR
    • Puck™ (VLP-16): Compact, 16-channel LiDAR
    • Puck LITE™: Lightweight version of VLP-16
  2. Ouster
    • OS1 Series: OS1-16, OS1-32, OS1-64
    • OS2 Series: OS2-128
    • OS0 Series: OS0-32, OS0-64
  3. Quanergy
    • M8 Series: M8-1, M8-2
    • S3 Series: S3-2, S3-Qi
  4. Innoviz
    • InnovizOne: Solid-state LiDAR sensor
    • InnovizPro: Automotive-grade LiDAR
  5. Luminar
    • Iris: Automotive-grade LiDAR
    • Hydra: High-performance LiDAR for autonomous vehicles
  6. Hesai
    • Pandora: Combined camera and LiDAR sensor
    • Pandar40P: 40-channel LiDAR
    • Pandar64: 64-channel LiDAR
    • PandarQT: Automotive-grade, long-range LiDAR
  7. RoboSense
    • RS-LiDAR-M1: MEMS solid-state LiDAR
    • RS-LiDAR-16: 16-channel mechanical LiDAR
    • RS-Ruby: High-performance, mechanical LiDAR
  8. Livox
    • Horizon: High-density, long-range LiDAR
    • Mid-40: High-precision, medium-range LiDAR
    • Mid-70: Wide field of view, medium-range LiDAR
  9. Velarray (by Velodyne)
    • H800: Solid-state, high-performance LiDAR
    • M1600: Automotive-grade, solid-state LiDAR
  10. Valeo
    • Scala 2: Automotive-grade, high-resolution LiDAR
  11. Cepton
    • Vista Series: Vista-P60, Vista-X90
    • Sora Series: Sora-P60, Sora-X90
  12. AEye
    • iDAR (Intelligent Detection and Ranging): 4Sight M, 4Sight A
  13. LeddarTech
    • Leddar Pixell: 3D flash LiDAR
    • Leddar Vu8: Solid-state LiDAR
  14. Leica Geosystems
    • Leica BLK360: Imaging laser scanner
    • Leica BLK2GO: Handheld imaging laser scanner
    • Leica PegasusUltimate: Mobile mapping solution
  15. SICK
    • MRS1000: Multi-layer scanner
    • LMS1000: Long-range scanner
  16. RIEGL
    • VZ Series: VZ-400i, VZ-2000i
    • LMS Series: LMS-Q780, LMS-Q1560
  17. Topcon
    • GLS-2000: Laser scanner
    • RL-SV2S: Rotating laser
  18. Faro
    • Focus3D Series: Focus3D X 330, Focus3D X 130
    • S Series: S350, S150
  19. Trimble
    • X7: 3D laser scanner
    • TX8: High-speed laser scanner

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing LiDAR, enabling quick repairs for various instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various types of LiDAR. Welcome to consult.

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Comprehensive Analysis of Particle Size Analyzers: Principles, Brands,Usage, Common Faults, and Repair Methods

Comprehensive Analysis of Particle Size Analyzers: Principles, Usage, Common Faults, and Repair Methods

Overview of Particle Size Analyzers

Particle size analyzers are physical instruments used to measure the size and distribution of solid particles. They find extensive applications in materials science, geology, chemical engineering, the food industry, and more. Leveraging various physical principles such as laser scattering, sedimentation, electrical resistance, and microscopic observation, these analyzers precisely measure and analyze particle size characteristics.

Principles

The core principles of particle size analyzers vary based on the measurement method employed. Laser particle size analyzers are a common type. They utilize a laser light source to illuminate the sample, causing particles to scatter light. The intensity and angle of scattered light are closely related to particle size. By measuring the intensity and distribution of scattered light and applying Mie scattering theory or Fraunhofer diffraction theory, the particle size distribution can be calculated.

Laser Scattering Principle: When a laser beam illuminates particles, they scatter light. The intensity and angle of scattered light are inversely proportional to particle diameter. Laser particle size analyzers use a series of photosensitive detectors to measure scattered light intensity at different angles, thereby inferring particle size distribution.

Data Processing: The instrument converts the collected scattered light signals into electrical signals and processes them using built-in software algorithms. Ultimately, statistical parameters such as average particle size and particle size distribution are output.

Usage

  1. Sample Preparation: Choose and preprocess appropriate samples according to testing purposes and requirements, such as screening and drying, to ensure sample uniformity and representativeness.
  2. Instrument Start-up and Calibration: Turn on the instrument power, set instrument parameters (e.g., fluid medium, stirring speed) according to the operation manual, and calibrate using standard samples to ensure measurement accuracy.
  3. Sample Measurement: Place the preprocessed sample into the instrument, initiate the measurement program, and observe the measurement process in real-time until completion.
  4. Data Analysis: After measurement, conduct statistical analysis on the results, calculate parameters such as average particle diameter and particle size distribution, plot particle size distribution curves, and interpret and evaluate the results.

Common Faults and Repair Methods

  1. Laser Source Issues:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Decreased or unstable laser intensity.
    • Repair Method: Check if the laser source needs replacement or cleaning, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
  2. Detector Faults:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Inaccurate measurement results.
    • Repair Method: Inspect the detector for cleanliness, damage, or aging, and perform maintenance or replacement if necessary.
  3. Sample Cell Contamination:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Large measurement errors.
    • Repair Method: Regularly clean the sample cell to ensure proper sample dispersion.
  4. Power Supply Issues:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Instrument failure to start or abnormal display.
    • Repair Method: Check the power cord, socket, and fuse to ensure stable power supply.
  5. Software Issues:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Unstable software operation or failure to upgrade.
    • Repair Method: Regularly check and install software updates to ensure compatibility with the operating system.
  6. Mechanical Component Wear:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Abnormal instrument operation or excessive noise.
    • Repair Method: Inspect and replace worn components, and perform regular lubrication.
  7. Environmental Factor Influence:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Large measurement errors.
    • Repair Method: Monitor the laboratory environment, adjust temperature and humidity, and avoid vibration and electromagnetic interference.
  8. Operational Errors:
    • Fault Phenomenon: Incorrect settings or inaccurate data interpretation.
    • Repair Method: Provide operational training to ensure users understand all software functions.

Brands and Models of Particle Size Analyzers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Malvern Panalytical
    • Mastersizer Series: Mastersizer 3000, Mastersizer 2000
    • Zetasizer Series: Zetasizer Ultra, Zetasizer Nano ZS, Zetasizer Pro
    • Spraytec: Spray Particle Size Analyzer
    • Sysmex FPIA-3000: Flow Particle Image Analyzer
  2. Beckman Coulter
    • LS Series: LS 13 320 XR, LS 13 320 MW
    • Multisizer Series: Multisizer 4e
    • DelsaMax Series: DelsaMax PRO, DelsaMax CORE
  3. HORIBA Scientific
    • LA Series: LA-960V2, LA-350
    • SZ Series: SZ-100
    • CAMSIZER Series: CAMSIZER X2, CAMSIZER P4
  4. Anton Paar
    • Litesizer Series: Litesizer 500, Litesizer 100
    • PSA Series: PSA 990, PSA 1090
  5. Microtrac (Nikkiso)
    • Bluewave: Particle Size Analyzer
    • SYNC: Laser Diffraction Analyzer
    • Nanotrac Wave II: Dynamic Light Scattering Analyzer
  6. Sympatec
    • HELOS Series: HELOS/BR, HELOS/KR
    • QICPIC Series: QICPIC/R, QICPIC/L
    • NANOPHOX: Photon Cross-correlation Spectroscopy Analyzer
  7. Particle Sizing Systems (PSS)
    • Nicomp Series: Nicomp 380, Nicomp DLS/ZLS
    • AccuSizer Series: AccuSizer 780, AccuSizer Mini
  8. Micromeritics
    • SediGraph III Plus: Particle Size Analyzer
    • Saturn DigiSizer II: High-Definition Digital Particle Size Analyzer
  9. Brookhaven Instruments
    • 90Plus: Particle Size Analyzer
    • ZetaPALS: Zeta Potential Analyzer
    • NanoBrook Series: NanoBrook 90Plus PALS, NanoBrook ZetaPlus
  10. Bettersize Instruments
    • Bettersizer 2600: Laser Particle Size Analyzer
    • Bettersizer S3 Plus: Image Particle Size Analyzer
    • BeNano Series: BeNano 90 Zeta
  11. Fritsch
    • ANALYSETTE 22 NeXT Series: ANALYSETTE 22 NeXT Micro, ANALYSETTE 22 NeXT Nano
  12. AimSizer
    • AS-2011: Laser Particle Size Analyzer
    • AS-2012: Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer
  13. CILAS
    • CILAS 990: Laser Particle Size Analyzer
    • CILAS 1090: Laser Particle Size Analyzer
  14. Entegris
    • AccuSizer A2000: Single Particle Optical Sizing System
    • Nicomp N3000: Dynamic Light Scattering System
  15. Retsch Technology
    • CAMSizer Series: CAMSizer X2, CAMSizer P4

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing particle size analyzers and can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various particle size analyzers. Welcome to consult us.

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Spectrophotometer Guide: Principles, Usage, Troubleshooting, and Maintenance — PE UV Spectrophotometer, UV Spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometer Guide: Principles, Usage, Troubleshooting, and Maintenance — PE UV Spectrophotometer, UV Spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

I. Overview

The spectrophotometer, also known as the PE UV spectrophotometer, UV spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, is a precise spectral analysis instrument. It analyzes the composition and content of substances by measuring their absorption or transmission of light at specific wavelengths. Widely applied in chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental science, and other fields, it is an indispensable analytical tool in laboratories.

II. Principles

The fundamental principle of the spectrophotometer is based on the Lambert-Beer Law. When a monochromatic light passes through a uniform, non-scattering medium, the absorbance A is proportional to the concentration c of the absorbing substance in the medium and the thickness l of the medium. The relationship is expressed as A = kcl, where k is a proportional constant related to the properties of the absorbing substance and the wavelength of the incident light.

The core components of a spectrophotometer include the light source, monochromator, sample chamber, detector, and data processing system. The light source provides broad-spectrum light radiation, while the monochromator decomposes this light into monochromatic light and allows specific wavelengths to pass through. The sample chamber holds the sample to be tested; when monochromatic light passes through the sample, part of the light is absorbed, and the remaining light passes through the sample into the detector. The detector converts the light signal into an electrical signal, which is then analyzed and processed by the data processing system to obtain parameters such as the sample’s absorbance or transmittance.

III. Usage Method

  1. Preheat the Instrument: Turn on the power switch and preheat the instrument for 20-30 minutes to stabilize its performance.
  2. Select Wavelength: According to experimental requirements, rotate the wavelength adjuster to indicate the desired monochromatic light wavelength.
  3. Set Sensitivity: Choose an appropriate sensitivity setting based on the absorption of light by the colored solution and keep it fixed.
  4. Adjust “0” Point: Rotate the “0” potentiometer so that the pointer on the readout indicates “0” transmittance.
  5. Adjust T=100%: Place a cuvette containing distilled water (or blank solution) in the cuvette holder, cover the dark box, and rotate the light adjuster to achieve T=100% transmittance.
  6. Measurement: Place the cuvette with the sample to be tested in the cuvette holder, gently pull the lever to allow the solution into the light path, and read the absorbance value.
  7. Shutdown: After the experiment, cut off the power and clean the cuvettes and instrument components.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

  1. Unstable Digital Display
    • Causes: Environmental vibration, high air flow near the light source, external strong light interference, insufficient preheating time, desiccant failure in the photoelectric tube.
    • Solutions: Improve the working environment, extend preheating time, replace or bake the desiccant, and send for repair if necessary.
  2. Instrument Cannot Be Zeroed
    • Causes: Incomplete closure of the light gate, “100%” knob turned to the maximum, instrument dampness, circuit failure.
    • Solutions: Repair the light gate components, readjust the “100%” knob, use a hairdryer to dry the instrument and replace the desiccant, repair the circuit.
  3. Instrument Cannot Adjust to “100%”
    • Causes: Insufficient light energy, cuvette holder not in position, aging of the photoelectric conversion part, circuit failure.
    • Solutions: Increase the sensitivity multiplier, adjust the cuvette holder, replace the photoelectric conversion components, repair the circuit.
  4. Light Source Lamp Failure
    • Causes: Broken filament, weak output light spot energy.
    • Solutions: Replace with a bulb of the same specifications, adjust the position of the light source lamp to align the filament with the light output hole.
  5. Monochromator Failure
    • Causes: Tight wavelength adjuster, unreadable wavelength dial, no change in emitted light.
    • Solutions: Repair the fit between the axis and sleeve, grind the rubber friction wheel, calibrate the wavelength adjustment screw, replace the protective glass.

V. Maintenance

  1. Environmental Control: Maintain constant laboratory temperature and humidity, reduce vibration and strong light interference.
  2. Cleaning and Maintenance: Regularly clean the instrument casing and internal components, keep optical elements clean and dry.
  3. Regular Inspection: Calibrate and verify the instrument regularly to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurements.
  4. Usage Precautions: Avoid contaminating the cuvette surface, handle with care, clean and dry correctly.

VI. Brands and Models of Spectrophotometers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Agilent Technologies
    • Cary Series: Cary 60 UV-Vis, Cary 100 UV-Vis, Cary 300 UV-Vis, Cary 4000 UV-Vis, Cary 5000 UV-Vis, Cary 7000 UMS
  2. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • Evolution Series: Evolution 60S, Evolution 220, Evolution 260 Bio, Evolution 350
    • NanoDrop Series: NanoDrop One/OneC, NanoDrop 2000/2000C
  3. Shimadzu
    • UV Series: UV-1800, UV-2600, UV-2700, UV-3600 Plus
    • BioSpec Series: BioSpec-nano
  4. PerkinElmer
    • LAMBDA Series: LAMBDA 25/35/45 UV/Vis, LAMBDA 365 UV/Vis, LAMBDA 650 UV/Vis/NIR, LAMBDA 850 UV/Vis/NIR, LAMBDA 1050+ UV/Vis/NIR
  5. JASCO
    • V-700 Series: V-730 UV-Vis, V-750 UV-Vis/NIR, V-760 UV-Vis/NIR, V-770 UV-Vis/NIR, V-780 UV-Vis/NIR
  6. Hitachi
    • UV-Vis/NIR Spectrophotometers: U-5100, UH4150, UH5300, U-2900/2910, U-3900/3900H, UH5700, UH4150
    • Fluorescence Spectrophotometers: F-7000, F-7100
    • Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS): ZA3000 Series
  7. Bruker
    • TENSOR Series: TENSOR II FT-IR
  8. BioTek (Agilent)
    • Epoch Series: Epoch 2 Microplate Spectrophotometer
    • Synergy Series: Synergy H1 Hybrid Reader
  9. Horiba
    • Duetta: Fluorescence and Absorbance Spectrometer
    • FluoroMax Series: FluoroMax-4, FluoroMax Plus
  10. Beckman Coulter
    • DU Series: DU 730, DU 800
  11. Hach
    • DR Series: DR3900, DR6000
  12. Analytik Jena
    • Specord Series: Specord 50 PLUS, Specord 200 PLUS, Specord 250 PLUS
  13. Ocean Insight
    • Flame Series: Flame-S UV-Vis
    • Maya Series: Maya2000 Pro
  14. Lambda Scientific
    • LS Series: LS-1055 UV-Vis, LS-1155 UV-Vis/NIR
  15. Edinburgh Instruments
    • FS5: Fluorescence Spectrometer
    • FLS1000: Photoluminescence Spectrometer
  16. datacolor: Spectro700UV, 200R, 200M
  17. Beijing Purkinje: TAS-990AFG, Flame-Graphite Furnace Integrated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Longi Electromechanical Company specializes in the repair of spectrophotometers (PE UV spectrophotometers, UV spectrophotometers, atomic absorption spectrophotometers, UV-Vis spectrophotometers) with nearly 30 years of experience. We can quickly repair various instruments and also offer recycling and sales of various vacuum gauges. Welcome to consult.

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Vacuum Gauge Comprehensive Guide: Principles, Usage, Troubleshooting, and Brands

I. Overview of Vacuum Gauge

A vacuum gauge, also known as a vacuum meter or vacuum gauge tube, is an instrument specifically designed to measure gas pressure or vacuum degree. It indirectly reflects the level of vacuum by measuring the pressure generated by gas molecule movement in a confined space. In scientific research and industrial production, vacuum gauges are widely used to precisely control vacuum environments, ensuring the stability and accuracy of experiments or production processes.

II. Principles of Vacuum Gauge

The working principle of a vacuum gauge is based on the physical effects of gas molecules under different pressures. According to different measurement principles, vacuum gauges can be mainly divided into three categories: those utilizing mechanical properties, gas dynamic effects, and charged particle effects.

1. Utilizing Mechanical Properties

  • Bourdon Gauge: Utilizes the expansion of a thin copper tube under gas pressure, driving a lever and gear rotation to indicate different scales, thereby reading the pressure value.
  • Diaphragm Capacitance Gauge: The metal diaphragm deforms under different pressures, leading to changes in capacitance between it and the electrodes. The pressure value is inferred by measuring the change in capacitance.

2. Utilizing Gas Dynamic Effects

  • Pirani Gauge: Utilizes the relationship between resistance and temperature, inferring pressure by measuring the temperature change of a heated wire under different pressures.
  • Thermocouple Gauge: Similar to the Pirani Gauge but directly measures the temperature change of the heated wire instead of resistance change.

3. Utilizing Charged Particle Effects

  • Hot Cathode Ionization Gauge: Emits electrons from a hot cathode to ionize gas molecules in the vacuum, collecting the generated ion current to infer pressure.
  • Cold Cathode Ionization Gauge: Utilizes magnetically controlled discharge to ionize gas molecules, collecting ion current for pressure measurement.

III. Usage Methods of Vacuum Gauge

  1. Select the Appropriate Vacuum Gauge: Choose the suitable model and range of the vacuum gauge based on measurement needs.
  2. Calibrate the Vacuum Gauge: Calibrate before use to ensure the accuracy of measurement results.
  3. Connect the Vacuum Gauge: Connect the vacuum gauge to the device or container being measured, ensuring good sealant at the connection point.
  4. Start Measurement: Turn on the device or container being measured, wait for it to reach a stable state, and then turn on the vacuum gauge for measurement.
  5. Read Data: After stabilization, read the data displayed on the vacuum gauge, paying attention to data stability and accuracy.
  6. End Measurement: After measurement, turn off the vacuum gauge and the device or container being measured, and properly store the vacuum gauge.

IV. Faults and Repair Methods of Vacuum Gauge

1. Unable to Start

  • Check the power supply: Confirm whether the vacuum gauge is properly plugged in and the plug is secure.
  • Check the fuse: Inspect whether the fuse is burned out and replace it if necessary.
  • Check the switch: Confirm the correct position and settings of the switch.

2. Inaccurate Readings

  • Check the connection port: Confirm whether the connection port is loose or tightly connected.
  • Check the range setting: Confirm whether the range setting is correct to avoid exceeding the measurement range.
  • Check the sensor: A damaged sensor may lead to inaccurate readings and needs replacement.

3. Readings Too High or Too Low

  • Check gas flow: Abnormal gas flow may affect readings, so check whether the gas flow is normal.
  • Check vacuum tube quality: Poor quality of the vacuum tube may also lead to inaccurate readings and needs replacement.

4. Air Leakage

  • Check sealant: Confirm the sealant of the vacuum gauge and vacuum tube, and perform sealing treatment if necessary.
  • Detect hidden leaks: Use methods such as gas infusion to detect and repair hidden leak points.

Preventive Measures

  • Regular inspection: Periodically maintain and inspect the vacuum gauge to ensure its normal operation.
  • Keep clean: Maintain the cleanliness of the vacuum gauge to avoid interfering with measurement results.
  • Safe operation: Pay attention to operational safety to avoid equipment damage or accidents caused by improper operation.

V. Summary

As an important tool for measuring vacuum degree or pressure, vacuum gauges play a crucial role in scientific research and industrial production. Understanding their working principles, mastering correct usage methods, and handling common faults are essential for ensuring the accuracy of measurement results and the stable operation of equipment. Meanwhile, regular maintenance and inspection of vacuum gauges are also key to ensuring their long-term stable performance.

VI. Brands and Models of Vacuum Gauges Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Inficon
    • Sky CDG025D: Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge
    • Sky CDG100D: Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge
    • Sky CDG200D: Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge
    • Skyview: Combination Pirani and Cold Cathode Gauge
  2. Edwards
    • nEXT Series: nEXT730D, nEXT930D
    • Active Pirani Series: APG100, APG200
    • Active Inverted Magnetron Series: AIM-X, AIM-S
  3. Pfeiffer Vacuum
    • ActiveLine Series: TPR 280, TPR 270
    • DigiLine Series: DPG 102, DPG 109
    • Compact Series: PCR 260, PCR 270
  4. MKS Instruments
    • Granville-Phillips Series: 370 Stabil-Ion, 375 Convectron, 390 Micro-Ion
    • Baratron Series: 627D, 629A
    • PDR Series: PDR2000
  5. Leybold
    • Thermovac Series: TTR 91, TTR 101
    • Ceravac Series: CTR 100, CTR 101
    • Ionivac Series: ITR 90, ITR 91
  6. Agilent Technologies
    • ConvecTorr: Convectron Gauge
    • UHV Ionization Gauge: Ultrahigh Vacuum Gauge
    • FRG-700: Full Range Gauge
  7. Teledyne Hastings
    • DV-6: Thermocouple Vacuum Gauge
    • HPM-2002: Digital Vacuum Gauge
    • HVG-2020B: Digital Vacuum Gauge
  8. Brooks Instrument
    • 5866: Capacitance Manometer
    • 5850: Mass Flow Controller
    • 5863: Digital Pressure Gauge
  9. Kurt J. Lesker
    • 945 Series: Inverted Magnetron Gauge
    • 350 Series: Pirani Gauge
    • 354 Series: Ionization Gauge
  10. ULVAC
    • G-Tran Series: G-Tran ST1, G-Tran PT1
    • SW-1 Series: SW-1
    • M-100 Series: M-100
  11. InstruTech
    • B-RAX 3000: Vacuum Gauge Controller
    • CDG-500: Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge
    • IGC100: Cold Cathode Gauge
  12. Thyracont
    • Smartline Series: VSR, VSP
    • Digitalline Series: VD8, VD12
    • Analogline Series: VMA, VPA
  13. Agilent
    • XGS-600: Gauge Controller
    • FRG-720: Full Range Gauge
    • UHV-24: Ultra High Vacuum Gauge
  14. Sens4
    • VQM-83: Vacuum Quality Monitor
    • VSM-32: Vacuum Sensor Module
  15. Dycor (AMETEK)
    • Dycor Quadlink: Residual Gas Analyzer
    • Dycor 1000: Vacuum Gauge

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing vacuum gauges and can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, they recycle and sell various vacuum gauges. Welcome to consult.