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DC Power Analyzers: Principles, Operation Guide, and Comprehensive Fault Repair Manual

DC Power Analyzers: Principles, Operation Guide, and Comprehensive Fault Repair Manual

I. Overview

DC Power Analyzers are high-precision testing devices specifically designed to measure and analyze various parameters of DC power sources, such as output voltage, output current, power, and efficiency. They play an indispensable role in modern electronic systems, power monitoring, renewable energy generation systems, and battery testing and management. These analyzers provide accurate measurements of power parameters, assisting engineers in evaluating power performance, verifying design specifications, and conducting fault diagnosis and optimization.

II. Principles

The working principle of DC Power Analyzers is based on real-time measurement and sampling of input and output voltages and currents, with subsequent calculation of related parameters through internal algorithms. The instrument typically consists of multiple components, including input/output interfaces, measurement circuits, data processing units, and display units. During measurement, the analyzer captures changes in voltage and current in real time, converts and processes these signals through built-in high-precision sensors and signal processing circuits, and finally displays the results on the screen in digital or graphical form.

III. Operation Guide

Preparation Stage:

  • Place the DC Power Analyzer on a stable workbench and preheat it by connecting to the power supply.
  • Select appropriate voltage and current ranges according to the requirements of the device under test, and set corresponding parameters.

Connecting the Device Under Test:

  • Use suitable connection cables to connect the power input terminal of the device under test to the output terminal of the DC Power Analyzer.
  • Ensure secure and reliable connections to avoid poor contact or short circuits.

Starting Measurement:

  • Activate the DC Power Analyzer and select the corresponding measurement mode and functions as needed.
  • The instrument will automatically start measuring and recording data, and users can observe the measurement results in real time on the display screen.

Data Analysis:

  • After measurement, the DC Power Analyzer will provide detailed measurement reports and data charts.
  • Users can evaluate and analyze power performance based on these data, identify potential issues or abnormalities, and take corresponding measures for repair and optimization.

Ending Operation:

  • After measurement, turn off the DC Power Analyzer and disconnect it from the device under test.
  • Clean the work area and properly store the instrument for future use.

IV. Fault and Repair Methods

Unable to Turn On:

  • Check if the power plug is securely inserted into the socket and if the power cord is damaged.
  • If the power is normal but the instrument cannot be turned on, it may be due to internal circuit failure or battery depletion. Contact professional maintenance personnel for inspection and repair.

Display Abnormalities:

  • If the display screen shows garbled characters, a black screen, or flickering, it may be due to display screen failure or system firmware issues.
  • Try restarting the instrument and updating the firmware to resolve the issue. If the problem persists, replace the display screen or perform system repairs.

Inaccurate Measurement:

  • Inaccurate measurements may be caused by sensor aging, calibration failure, or environmental interference.
  • Calibrate or replace the sensors as needed, and ensure a stable and interference-free measurement environment.

Communication Failures:

  • If the DC Power Analyzer cannot communicate with a computer or other devices, it may be due to damaged communication interfaces or mismatched communication protocols.
  • Check the secure connection of the communication interface and confirm correct communication protocol settings. If the issue remains unresolved, contact professional maintenance personnel for inspection and repair.

Other Faults:

  • Faults such as malfunctioning buttons or inaccurate knob adjustments may be caused by wear or damage due to long-term use.
  • Replace the corresponding components to restore the normal function of the instrument.

V. Brands and Models of DC Power Analyzers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Keysight Technologies
    • N6705C: DC Power Analyzer
    • N7900 Series: N7906A, N7950A
    • N6700 Series: N6702C, N6705B
  2. Tektronix
    • PA1000: Single-Phase Power Analyzer
    • PA3000: Three-Phase Power Analyzer
    • PA4000: Multi-Phase Power Analyzer
  3. Chroma
    • 66205: Precision Power Analyzer
    • 66203: Three-Phase Power Analyzer
    • 66204: Four-Phase Power Analyzer
  4. Yokogawa
    • WT3000E: High-Precision Power Analyzer
    • WT5000: Precision Power Analyzer
    • WT300E Series: WT310E, WT330E
  5. Rohde & Schwarz
    • NRP Series: NRP6AN, NRP18AN
    • R&S HMC804x Series: HMC8041, HMC8042, HMC8043
  6. GW Instek
    • PSW Series: PSW30-108, PSW160-13.5
    • GPP Series: GPP-4323, GPP-3060
  7. Rigol Technologies
    • DP800 Series: DP831A, DP832A, DP821A
  8. B&K Precision
    • 9129B: DC Power Analyzer
    • 9130B Series: 9130B, 9131B
    • MR3000 Series: MR3000
  9. EA Elektro-Automatik
    • PSI 9000 Series: PSI 9000 2U, PSI 9000 3U
    • ELR 9000 Series: ELR 9000
  10. ITECH
    • IT7600 Series: IT7602, IT7603
    • IT6500 Series: IT6512C, IT6522C
  11. Delta Elektronika
    • SM15K Series: SM15K
    • ES Series: ES030-5, ES150-10
  12. Magna-Power
    • XR Series: XR500-12, XR1000-6
    • TS Series: TS250-60, TS500-30
  13. Sorensen (AMETEK Programmable Power)
    • DLM600 Series: DLM600-1, DLM600-2
    • SGA Series: GA600-1, SGA600-2
  14. TDK-Lambda
    • GENH Series: GENH 10-200, GENH 20-100hi
    • Z+ Series: Z+200-10, Z+800-2
  15. Agilent: N6705B, N6705C, N6715B, N6715

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing DC Power Analyzers and can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales services for various DC Power Analyzers. Welcome to consult.

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Signal Generators: Principles, Brands,Operation Guides, and Troubleshooting

Signal Generators: Principles, Operation Guides, and Troubleshooting

I. Overview

Signal generators, also known as signal sources or oscillators, are devices capable of producing various waveforms, frequencies, and amplitudes of electronic signals. They play a crucial role in the field of electronic technology, widely used in testing, calibration, and experimentation. By simulating the excitation signals required by devices under test in real-world environments, signal generators assist engineers and technicians in accurately measuring and analyzing the performance parameters of electronic circuits and equipment.

II. Principles

[Image 2: Principles of Signal Generators]

The working principle of signal generators is based on oscillator theory, which generates stable electronic signals through internal circuit oscillations. Specifically, signal generators produce a reference frequency through a signal source (such as a crystal oscillator or reference signal). This frequency is then adjusted in terms of output signal frequency and amplitude through frequency control circuits and amplitude control circuits. Different types of signal generators may employ various oscillation circuits and modulation techniques to produce signals of specific waveforms. For example, sine wave signal generators typically utilize RC or LC oscillation circuits, while pulse signal generators may leverage gate circuits or switching circuits to generate pulse signals.

III. Operation Methods

  1. Power Connection: First, connect the signal generator to an appropriate power source and ensure a stable connection.
  2. Parameter Setting: Set the output signal type (e.g., sine wave, square wave, pulse wave), frequency, amplitude, and phase of the signal generator as needed, using knobs, keyboard inputs, or menu options.
  3. Output Connection: Connect the output port of the signal generator to the device or measurement system under test, ensuring correct connection.
  4. Calibration and Verification: Before formal testing, calibrate and verify the signal generator to ensure the accuracy and stability of the output signal.
  5. Testing Initiation: Start the signal generator to produce the required signal and proceed with experimentation, testing, or debugging.
  6. Output Monitoring: Use appropriate measurement equipment (e.g., oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers) to monitor the output signal of the signal generator, checking parameters such as frequency, amplitude, waveform, and stability for consistency with expectations.
  7. Parameter Adjustment: Adjust the parameters of the signal generator as needed to meet specific testing requirements or application needs.
  8. Testing Completion: After testing, stop the signal generator and gradually disconnect it from the test equipment or measurement system.

IV. Troubleshooting and Repair Methods

[Image 4: Troubleshooting and Repair Methods]

  1. Power Issues: Power failures are common in signal generators. Check for secure power cord connections and normal power supply. Replace the power cord or faulty power supply if necessary.
  2. Display Issues: If the display is unreadable, unstable, or shows incorrect content, it may be due to display screen failure, display driver circuit failure, or system firmware issues. Check for secure display connections, restart the device, update firmware, or replace the display screen.
  3. Output Issues: Unstable output signal amplitude, incorrect frequency, or waveform distortion may result from output circuit failure, clock synchronization issues, or interference from external sources. Check output circuit connections, inspect clock synchronization circuits, and eliminate interference sources.
  4. Control Issues: Malfunctioning control buttons or inaccurate adjustments may be caused by control circuit failure, control software issues, or faulty buttons. Check control circuit connections, restart the device, update software, or replace buttons.
  5. Connection Issues: Loose connections, poor contact, or line failures between the signal generator and the device under test can lead to abnormal test signal output. Ensure secure connections, reinsert connection cables, and repair line failures.
  6. Calibration Issues: An improperly calibrated signal generator can result in output errors, frequency deviations, or amplitude distortions. Perform regular calibration and adjust parameters and signal sources according to calibration requirements to ensure accurate output.
  7. Cooling Issues: Signal generators generate heat during operation and require an effective cooling system. Cooling system failures can lead to device overheating, affecting performance and lifespan. Check for properly functioning cooling fans, clean ventilation holes, and ensure a smooth cooling system.
  8. Noise Issues: Noise in the output signal can affect the accuracy of test results. Check for interference in signal source input and output lines, and add shielding and filters to eliminate noise.

In summary, signal generators are vital equipment in the field of electronic testing, and their principles, operation methods, and troubleshooting methods are crucial for ensuring test accuracy and device reliability. By operating and maintaining signal generators correctly, their important role in the field of electronic technology can be fully leveraged.

V. Brands and Models of Signal Generators Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Keysight Technologies
    • MXG X-Series: N5181B (Analog), N5182B (Vector)
    • EXG X-Series: N5171B (Analog), N5172B (Vector)
    • UXG X-Series: N5193A (Vector)
  2. Rohde & Schwarz
    • SMW200A: High-Performance Vector Signal Generator
    • SMB100A: Analog Signal Generator
    • SMA100B: High-Performance Analog Signal Generator
    • SGT100A: Vector Signal Generator
  3. Tektronix
    • AWG70000 Series: AWG70001B, AWG70002B
    • AFG31000 Series: AFG31151, AFG31251
  4. Anritsu
    • MG3690C Series: MG3691C, MG3692C, MG3693C
    • MG3710E: Vector Signal Generator
  5. National Instruments (NI)
    • PXIe-5451: Vector Signal Generator
    • PXIe-5653: Vector Signal Generator
  6. Signal Hound
    • USB-SG44: USB Vector Signal Generator
    • USB-SG44A: High-Performance USB Vector Signal Generator
  7. B&K Precision
    • 4050B Series: 4051B, 4052B, 4053B
  8. Rigol Technologies
    • DSG800 Series: DSG815, DSG830
    • DSG3000 Series: DSG3060, DSG3030
  9. Stanford Research Systems (SRS)
    • SG380 Series: SG382, SG384
  10. Tabor Electronics
    • WW1071: High-Performance Arbitrary Waveform Signal Generator
    • WX2184C: High-Speed Arbitrary Waveform Signal Generator
  11. Aim-TTi
    • TGR2051: General-Purpose Signal Generator
    • TGR2050: High-Performance Signal Generator
  12. Boonton
    • SGX1000 Series: SGX1003, SGX1006
  13. Marconi Instruments
    • 2024: General-Purpose Signal Generator
    • 2031: High-Performance Signal Generator
  14. Aeroflex / IFR
    • 2025: General-Purpose Signal Generator
    • 3410 Series: 3410, 3412
  15. Agilent: E4421B/E4421A/E4422B/E4422A

Longi Electromechanical has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing signal generators and can quickly repair various types of instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various signal generators. Welcome to consult.

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Polarimeter: Detailed Principles, User Guide, and Comprehensive Fault Repair Guide

Polarimeter: Detailed Principles, User Guide, and Comprehensive Fault Repair Guide

I. Overview

The polarimeter is a precision optical instrument primarily used to measure the optical rotation of substances exhibiting chirality. Optical rotation, a measure of how a substance rotates polarized light, enables the analysis and determination of substance concentration, content, and purity. Polarimeters find wide application in pharmaceutical production, drug inspection, sugar manufacturing, food processing, chemical industry, petroleum, as well as in scientific research and education for laboratory analysis and process quality control.

II. Principles

The working principle of the polarimeter is based on the phenomenon of optical rotation exhibited by substances on polarized light. Natural light, after passing through a polarizer, becomes plane-polarized light. When this plane-polarized light passes through a chiral substance, its vibration direction rotates by a certain angle, known as the optical rotation. The polarimeter measures the angle change before and after the polarized light passes through the chiral substance to determine its optical rotation. Specifically, the polarimeter employs a light source that emits light, which, after passing through a color filter and a polarizer, forms plane-polarized light. This light rotates when it passes through a polarimeter tube containing the chiral substance, and is then observed and measured through an analyzer and an eyepiece assembly to obtain the optical rotation value.

III. Usage Instructions

Preparation:

  • Place the polarimeter on a stable workbench, connect the power supply, and preheat until the light source stabilizes (usually 5-10 minutes).
  • Check if all components of the instrument are intact and the polarimeter tube is clean and free of impurities.

Zero Calibration:

  • Turn on the instrument and use a blank solvent (e.g., distilled water) for zero calibration.
  • Inject the blank solvent into the polarimeter tube, place it in the sample chamber, adjust the analyzer to the zero position, and ensure uniform field brightness.
  • Repeat the operation several times to ensure the instrument’s stability and reliability.

Sample Testing:

  • Inject the sample into the polarimeter tube, ensuring no bubbles and that the tube is fully filled.
  • Place the tube back in the sample chamber, adjust the analyzer to the appropriate position for optimal field brightness.
  • Read and record the displayed optical rotation value.

Repeated Measurements and Averaging:

  • For improved accuracy, repeat measurements on the same sample and take the average as the final result.

Completion:

  • After testing, turn off the instrument, clean the polarimeter tube and sample chamber, return the instrument to its place, and make usage records.

IV. Faults and Repair Methods

Light Source Faults:

  • If the light source does not illuminate or is insufficiently bright, check the power supply, bulb integrity, and optical path clearance.
  • Replace the bulb or clean the optical path to resolve the issue.

Unstable Readings:

  • Fluctuating readings may result from environmental temperature changes, lack of calibration, or loose mechanical parts.
  • Ensure the instrument is used in a constant temperature environment, calibrate regularly, and check the tightness of mechanical parts.

Polarimeter Tube Contamination:

  • Contamination of the polarimeter tube’s inner wall affects measurements.
  • Regularly clean the inner wall with a dedicated cleaner and soft cloth, avoiding scratches.

Circuit Faults:

  • Circuit issues, such as the instrument not turning on or no display, may result from poor power cord connection, blown fuses, or damaged circuit boards.
  • Check power cord connections, replace fuses, or contact professional repair personnel for circuit board faults.

Mechanical Part Damage:

  • Damaged mechanical parts, such as stiff analyzer rotation or loose eyepiece assemblies, affect measurement accuracy and stability.
  • Regularly inspect mechanical parts for damage and replace them promptly to ensure proper instrument operation.

V. Brands and Models of Polarimeters Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Anton Paar
    • MCP Series: MCP 100, MCP 150, MCP 200, MCP 300, MCP 500
  2. Rudolph Research Analytical
    • Autopol Series: Autopol I, Autopol II, Autopol III, Autopol IV, Autopol V, Autopol VI
  3. JASCO
    • P Series: P-2000, P-1010, P-1020, P-1030, P-2000
  4. Schmidt+Haensch
    • Polartronic Series: Polartronic M, Polartronic H532, Polartronic V, Saccharomat
  5. Bellingham + Stanley (Xylem)
    • ADP Series: ADP440+, ADP450, ADP600, ADP660
  6. Atago
    • POLAX-2L: Automatic Polarimeter
    • DigiPol Series: DigiPol-781, DigiPol-782
  7. A.KRÜSS Optronic
    • P Series: P3000, P8000, P8000-TF
  8. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • Orion Series: Orion 420
  9. HORIBA Scientific
    • SEPA Series: SEPA-200
  10. MRC Lab
    • POL Series: POL-1/2, POL-2/2, POL-3/2
  11. Shanghai Insmark Instrument
    • WZZ Series: WZZ-2B, WZZ-3, WZZ-3A
  12. PerkinElmer
    • 341 Series: Model 341
  13. Rudolph Instruments
    • Autopol Series: Autopol I, Autopol II, Autopol III
  14. DigiPol Technologies
    • DigiPol Series: DigiPol-781, DigiPol-782
  15. Hahnshin Scientific
    • HP Series: HP-300, HP-500

Longi Electromechanical Company specializes in polarimeter repairs with nearly 30 years of experience, ensuring quick and efficient repairs for various instruments. Additionally, we offer polarimeter recycling and sales. For more information, please contact us.

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Cone Penetrometer: Principles, Operation Guide, and Comprehensive Maintenance Manual

I. Overview

1. Introduction
The cone penetrometer, a specialized material testing device, is primarily used to measure the hardness or consistency of various coatings, paints, chemical products, and greases. By simulating a standard conical probe applying pressure to the sample surface and measuring its insertion depth, it assesses the sample’s resistance or hardness. The cone penetrometer, known for its simplicity, wide applicability, and high measurement accuracy, finds extensive use in industrial manufacturing, scientific research, and medical fields.

II. Principles

2. Working Mechanism
The cone penetrometer operates based on the indentation method in mechanics. It incorporates a standard conical probe (commonly referred to as the cone) and a pressure gauge (or displacement sensor). During testing, the cone is vertically pressed into the sample surface under a preset pressure, and the pressure gauge records the depth of cone penetration into the sample. This depth value reflects the sample’s resistance under given pressure, indicating its hardness or consistency. Multiple tests at different positions and directions, followed by averaging, ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results.

III. Operation Guide

3. Preparation
Ensure the cone penetrometer is in good working condition. Check the cone for cleanliness and damage. Prepare the sample to be tested. Depending on the test requirements, adjust the instrument’s temperature, pressure, and other parameters.

4. Sample Preparation
Place the sample on a flat testing platform, ensuring the sample surface is smooth and free of impurities. For tests requiring specific temperatures, heat or cool the sample to the designated temperature.

5. Cone Installation
Attach a clean cone to the instrument’s standard rod and secure it. Adjust the instrument’s level to ensure the cone can vertically penetrate the sample surface during testing.

6. Testing Procedure
Start the cone penetrometer and begin testing according to preset parameters. The cone gradually penetrates the sample surface under pressure, and the pressure gauge records the cone’s insertion depth in real-time. The instrument automatically stops the test upon reaching the preset time or depth.

7. Data Reading
After testing, read the cone’s insertion depth value from the instrument. For improved measurement accuracy, perform multiple tests at different positions and directions and calculate the average.

8. Cleanup and Maintenance
After testing, promptly clean the cone and testing platform. Remove and properly store the cone’s protective oil. Regularly maintain and calibrate the instrument to ensure long-term stable operation.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

9. Cone Wear or Damage

  • Symptom: Inaccurate or highly variable measurement results.
  • Repair Method: Inspect the cone for wear or damage and replace it if necessary. Ensure the cone is securely installed and its surface is clean and free of impurities.

10. Pressure Gauge Failure

  • Symptom: Incorrect display of cone insertion depth or unstable readings.
  • Repair Method: Check the pressure gauge’s connecting wires and sensors for proper function. If faulty, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel for repair or replacement.

11. Insufficient Instrument Levelness

  • Symptom: Test results significantly influenced by test position, with poor consistency.
  • Repair Method: Readjust the instrument’s levelness to ensure the cone can vertically penetrate the sample surface during testing. Use a level bubble or other tools for calibration.

12. Power or Circuit Fault

  • Symptom: Instrument failure to start or sudden shutdown during operation.
  • Repair Method: Check the power cord and plug for secure connection and proper power supply. For circuit faults, contact professionals for troubleshooting and repair.

13. Other Mechanical Faults

  • Symptom: Issues such as excessive instrument noise or restricted movement.
  • Repair Method: Inspect instrument components for looseness or damage and tighten or replace as necessary. Regularly lubricate and maintain the instrument to reduce mechanical wear and fault occurrence.

V. Brands and Models of Cone Penetrometers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  • Anton Paar
    • PMA.S: Cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt testing.
    • PMA.G: High-precision cone penetrometer for various samples.
  • Humboldt
    • H-1240: Automatic cone penetrometer for asphalt and soil.
    • H-1240.4F: Automatic cone penetrometer with cooling function.
  • Cannon Instrument Company
    • CAV-2000: Fully automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
    • CAV-2100: High-precision cone penetrometer with touchscreen control.
  • Metrohm
    • 856: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.
  • PIVOT
    • PIVOT Cone Penetrometer: Suitable for grease and asphalt.
  • ELE International
    • Digital Penetrometer: High-precision digital cone penetrometer for soil and asphalt.
  • Controls Group
    • Automatic Digital Penetrometer: Automatic digital cone penetrometer for asphalt and soil.
  • Testmak
    • Automatic Penetrometer: High-precision automatic cone penetrometer for various materials.
  • Koehler Instrument Company
    • K19500: Automatic cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.
    • K95500: High-precision cone penetrometer with touchscreen control.
  • PAC L.P. (Petroleum Analyzer Company)
    • Herzog HCP 5: High-precision automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Brookfield Ametek
    • BF35: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Stanhope-Seta
    • Seta Penetrometer: Digital automatic cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • Matest
    • A062: Automatic digital cone penetrometer for asphalt and grease.
  • TAMSON Instruments
    • TPC-72: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease and asphalt.
  • IKA
    • PEN 10: High-precision cone penetrometer for grease, asphalt, and food.

Longi Electromechanical Company specializes in the repair of cone penetrometers, with nearly 30 years of experience. We can quickly repair various instruments and also offer recycling and sales services for cone penetrometers. Welcome to consult.

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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters: Principles, Brands,Usage, and Common Fault Repairs

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters: Principles, Usage, and Common Fault Repairs

I. Overview

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Spotters are precision instruments specifically designed for TLC analysis. They play a crucial role in accurately and uniformly applying samples onto TLC plates, significantly enhancing the precision and repeatability of sample application. This, in turn, boosts the accuracy and efficiency of TLC analysis through automation.

II. Principles

The working principle of TLC Spotters is based on precise control and positioning technology. The main components include a sample injection system, a moving platform, a control system, and an application needle. During operation, the control system precisely controls the movement and sample release of the application needle according to preset parameters such as sample volume, application position, and application speed. The needle releases the sample solution at a constant speed and pressure onto the specified position on the TLC plate, forming uniform and regular sample spots.

III. Usage

Preparation:

  • Ensure the TLC plate is clean, flat, and placed on the moving platform of the spotter.
  • Prepare an appropriate amount of sample solution based on analytical requirements.

Parameter Setting:

  • Set parameters such as sample volume, application position, and application speed through the spotter’s control interface.
  • Ensure these parameters meet analytical requirements.

Sample Loading:

  • Inject the sample solution into the sample injection system of the spotter.
  • Check for bubbles or impurities in the sample to avoid affecting application quality.

Starting Application:

  • Start the spotter, and the control system will automatically control the movement of the application needle to the specified position, releasing the sample solution at the set speed and pressure.
  • Observe the movement trajectory of the needle and the formation of sample spots during the application process.

Completing Application:

  • After application, turn off the spotter and remove the TLC plate for subsequent analysis.
  • Check the uniformity and consistency of the applied spots.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

Uneven Application:

  • Causes: Blocked needle, bubbles or impurities in the sample solution, too fast or too slow application speed.
  • Repair Methods: Clean the needle, ensure the sample solution is pure and free of impurities, adjust the application speed to an appropriate range.

Offset Application Position:

  • Causes: Inaccurate positioning of the moving platform, control system failure.
  • Repair Methods: Calibrate the moving platform to ensure accurate positioning; check control system connections and settings, and repair or replace if necessary.

Sample Leakage:

  • Causes: Poor sealing of the sample injection system, damaged needle.
  • Repair Methods: Inspect and replace sealing components, repair or replace the damaged needle.

Control System Failure:

  • Causes: Power supply failure, software errors, hardware damage.
  • Repair Methods: Check power supply connections and stability, restart or upgrade the software; for severe hardware damage, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel for replacement or repair.

Other Faults:

  • Faults such as mechanical component jamming and excessive noise should be investigated and repaired based on specific situations.

V. Brands and Models of TLC Spotters Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. CAMAG
    • Linomat 5: Manual TLC Spotter
    • Automatic TLC Sampler (ATS 4): Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Nanomat 4: Manual Spotter for Small Volume Samples
  2. Analtech
    • Spiral Plater: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Spotter 9: Automatic Spotter for Routine Applications
  3. Desaga (SARSTEDT)
    • AS 30: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • AS 3000: High-Throughput Automatic Spotter
  4. Merck (MilliporeSigma)
    • TLC Autosampler: Automatic TLC Spotter
    • Automatic TLC Sampler 4 (ATS 4): High-Precision Automatic Spotter
  5. Shimadzu
    • Chromatopac C-R6A: High-Precision Spotter with Analytical Functions
  6. Biostep
    • Digisampler: Digitally Controlled Automatic TLC Spotter
  7. Knauer
    • BlueSpotter: Automatic TLC Spotter for Rapid Application and High-Throughput Analysis
  8. SiliCycle
    • SiliTLC: Manual Spotter for Various Applications
  9. Sciencix
    • TLC Spotter: Available in both manual and automatic models, suitable for various sample types
  10. IKA
    • TLC Spotting Station: Modular design suitable for various experimental needs

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing TLC spotters and can quickly repair various types of instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales services for various TLC spotters. Please feel free to consult us.

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Precision Chillers: Working Principle, Usage, and Common Fault Repair Guide

Precision Chillers: Working Principle, Usage, and Common Fault Repair Guide

I. Overview

Precision chillers are efficient and stable industrial auxiliary equipment widely used in fields requiring precise temperature control, such as laboratories, semiconductor manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and plastic processing. By circulating cooling water or other cooling media, they provide a constant low-temperature environment for various equipment and systems, ensuring process stability and product quality.

II. Working Principle

The working principle of precision chillers is based on the heat exchange principle in thermodynamics. The main components include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve, and water circulation system. The specific working principle is as follows:

  • Refrigerant Cycle: The refrigerant is compressed into high-temperature, high-pressure gas by the compressor, then enters the condenser where it releases heat through a cooling fan or natural cooling, condensing into high-pressure liquid. After passing through the expansion valve, the high-pressure liquid enters the evaporator, evaporates and absorbs heat under low pressure, absorbing heat from the circulating water and lowering its temperature.
  • Water Circulation System: Low-temperature cooling water is pumped to the equipment or system needing cooling, absorbs heat, and then returns to the evaporator for re-cooling, forming a closed cycle.
  • Automatic Control System: Through temperature sensors and controllers, the water temperature is monitored and adjusted in real-time to ensure it remains stable within the set range. The system is also equipped with protection and alarm devices to prevent equipment overload, refrigerant leakage, and other abnormalities.

III. Usage

  1. Installation and Debugging: Install the precision chiller correctly according to the equipment manual, and connect the water source, power supply, and drainage pipeline. Conduct a comprehensive inspection before starting to ensure all components are tightly connected and leak-free. Then, proceed with debugging and set the required water temperature and range.
  2. Startup and Operation: Turn on the power and start the compressor and water pump. Observe the indicator lights and display on the control panel to ensure the equipment is running normally. Adjust the water temperature and flow rate as needed to meet the cooling requirements of different equipment and systems.
  3. Maintenance and Upkeep: Regularly check the water quality and level of the cooling medium, and replace or replenish as necessary. Clean the surface dust and dirt on the condenser and evaporator to improve heat dissipation efficiency. Regularly inspect the operating status of key components such as the compressor and water pump, and promptly identify and address potential faults.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods

  1. Insufficient Cooling Water Flow: Check if the water pump is working normally and if there are any blockages or leaks. Clear debris and dirt from the water pump inlet and outlet to ensure smooth water flow. If the water pump is severely damaged, replace it with a new one.
  2. High Water Temperature: Check if the condenser’s heat dissipation effect is good and if there is any dust or debris affecting heat dissipation. Clean the dust and dirt on the condenser surface and ensure the cooling fan is running normally. If the problem persists, it may be due to insufficient or leaking refrigerant; replenish the refrigerant and check for leakage points for repair.
  3. Compressor Fault: The compressor is one of the core components of the precision chiller, with common faults including overload, overheating, and starting difficulties. Check the compressor’s operating current and voltage for normality, and listen for any abnormal sounds or vibrations. If the compressor is severely damaged, replace it with a new one.
  4. Control System Fault: Issues such as inaccurate temperature display or control failure may be due to a damaged temperature sensor or controller fault. Check if the temperature sensor is damaged or detached, and replace it if necessary. If the controller fault is severe, replace it with a new one or seek professional repair.
  5. Other Faults: For issues such as pipeline leaks and damaged electrical components, take corresponding repair measures based on the specific situation. Promptly identify and address fault points to ensure the equipment resumes normal operation.

V. Common Faults and Repair Methods for Specific Models

  • JULABO
    • F Series: FL2503, FL3003, FL601
    • FC Series: FC600, FC1200
  • Lauda
    • Proline Series: RP 845, RP 1290
    • Ultracool Series: UC 6, UC 12
  • Huber
    • Unichiller Series: Unichiller 003-MPC, Unichiller 005-MPC, Unichiller 009-MPC
    • Minichiller Series: Minichiller 300, Minichiller 600
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • ThermoFlex Series: ThermoFlex 900, ThermoFlex 1400, ThermoFlex 2500
    • NESLAB HX Series: HX-150, HX-300, HX-750
  • PolyScience
    • DuraChill Series: DuraChill 6000, DuraChill 8000
    • Benchtop Chillers Series: 6000 Series, 8000 Series
  • VWR
    • VWR Series: VWR 1177PD, VWR 1180S, VWR 1187MD
  • Buchi
    • F Series: F-105, F-108, F-114
  • LabTech
    • H Series: H50-500, H50-1000
  • Peter Huber Kältemaschinenbau AG
    • Minichiller Series: Minichiller 300, Minichiller 600
    • Unichiller Series: Unichiller 003-MPC, Unichiller 005-MPC
  • Across International
    • Ai Series: Ai C30-25, Ai C30-40
  • JULABO USA, Inc.
    • FL Series: FL1200, FL2500, FL4003
  • Yamato Scientific
    • AD Series: AD-100, AD-200
  • Edwards
    • nXDS Series: nXDS6i, nXDS10i, nXDS15i
  • TAEevo Tech
    • TAEevo Tech Series: TAEevo Tech 051, TAEevo Tech 101
  • Grant Instruments
    • LT Ecocool Series: LT ecocool 150, LT ecocool 250
  • Haake (Thermo Scientific)
    • Phoenix II Series: Phoenix II C40P, Phoenix II C50P
  • Solid State (Japan)
    • ThermoCube
    • AHP-1202CPHC

Note: Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing precision chillers and can quickly repair various instruments. They also recycle and sell various precision chillers. For inquiries, please contact us.

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Comprehensive Guide to Moisture Analyzers: Principles, Usage, Faults, and Repair

Moisture Analyzer Overview

A moisture analyzer, also known as a moisture meter or a moisture detector, is a device used for the rapid and accurate determination of water content in substances. It finds extensive application in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, metallurgy, mining, coal, building materials, chemicals, food, grain, feed, seeds, tea, agriculture and forestry, papermaking, rubber, and textiles. With diverse working principles and usage methods, moisture analyzers may encounter various faults during operation, necessitating corresponding repair techniques.

Principles

The working principles of moisture analyzers are broadly classified into physical measurement methods and chemical measurement methods:

Physical Measurement Methods:

  • Weight Loss Method: This involves heating the sample to evaporate the moisture and calculating the water content based on the weight difference before and after heating. Examples include infrared moisture analyzers and microwave moisture analyzers, which use far-infrared or microwave radiation to heat the sample and accelerate moisture evaporation.
  • Distillation Stratification Method: This method separates water based on the boiling point differences of different substances and measures its volume or weight.
  • Gas Chromatography Analysis: This technique uses gas chromatography to separate and detect the water content in the sample.

Chemical Measurement Methods:

  • Karl Fischer Method: This is an internationally recognized standard method for measuring trace moisture. It involves the participation of water in the sample in an oxidation-reduction reaction with iodine and sulfur dioxide, generating pyridine hydroiodic acid and pyridine methyl sulfate. The consumed iodine is produced through electrolysis, and the reaction continues until the water is depleted. This method includes both volumetric and coulometric (electric) forms.

Usage Methods

The general usage steps for a moisture analyzer include:

  1. Installation and Calibration:
    • Install components such as windshields, triangular brackets, and tray brackets.
    • Calibrate the instrument using weights to ensure accurate measurements.
  2. Parameter Setting:
    • Set parameters such as temperature, drying method (e.g., microwave, infrared), and drying time as needed.
  3. Measurement Steps:
    • Place the sample on the sample tray, ensuring uniform distribution.
    • Start the instrument to begin the heating and measurement process.
    • Wait for the measurement to complete and record the data.

Common Faults and Repair Methods

  • Instrument Not Powering On:
    • Causes: Unstable voltage, blown fuse, improperly plugged-in cord.
    • Repair Methods: Check the power cord and plug, replace the fuse, ensure stable voltage.
  • Light Not Turning On:
    • Causes: Test button not pressed, excessive sample weight, loose heater, broken filament.
    • Repair Methods: Press the test button, adjust the sample weight, check and secure the heater, replace the filament.
  • Unstable Weighing:
    • Causes: Environmental influences (e.g., airflow), improperly placed sample tray, loose protective screws.
    • Repair Methods: Improve the measurement environment, reposition the sample tray, tighten the protective screws.
  • Large Measurement Error:
    • Causes: Low voltage, poor operating environment, uneven sample, instrument aging.
    • Repair Methods: Ensure stable voltage, improve the operating environment, take uniform samples, calibrate the instrument regularly.
  • Electrolysis Open Circuit or Short Circuit:
    • Causes: Poor plug contact, open or short-circuited electrode leads, electrode leakage.
    • Repair Methods: Check the plug and socket contact, replace open or short-circuited electrode leads, address electrode leakage.
  • Damaged or Contaminated Probe:
    • Causes: Physical impact, corrosion, improper cleaning.
    • Repair Methods: Replace the damaged probe, plan cleaning times reasonably, adopt correct cleaning methods.
  • Software Fault:
    • Causes: Software errors, no response.
    • Repair Methods: Reinstall the software or contact maintenance personnel for assistance.

Brands and Models of Moisture Analyzers Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Mettler Toledo:
    • HX204: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • HS153: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • HE53: Economy moisture analyzer
    • HC103: General-purpose moisture analyzer
  2. Sartorius:
    • MA160: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • MA100: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • MA35: Basic moisture analyzer
    • MA37: Halogen moisture analyzer
  3. AND Instruments:
    • MX-50: Precision moisture analyzer
    • MF-50: Standard moisture analyzer
    • MS-70: Ultra-high precision moisture analyzer
  4. KERN:
    • DAB Series: DAB 100-3, DAB 200-2
    • DLB Series: DLB 160-3
  5. Shimadzu:
    • MOC-120H: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • MOC-63u: High-precision moisture analyzer
  6. Ohaus:
    • MB Series: MB120, MB90, MB45
  7. A&D:
    • HR-50: High-precision moisture analyzer
    • ML-50: Halogen moisture analyzer
  8. Precisa:
    • EM 120-HR: Halogen moisture analyzer
    • EM 120: Basic moisture analyzer
  9. RADWAG:
    • MA Series: MA 3Y, MA X2, MA R, MA 50.3Y
  10. Kett:
    • FD Series: FD-720, FD-610
  11. Denver Instrument:
    • IR Series: IR-35, IR-60
  12. Michell Instruments:
    • S8000 Series: S8000 Remote, S8000 RS
  13. CSC Scientific:
    • 100 Series: 100-0, 100-1
  14. Brookfield:
    • PFT: Laboratory moisture analyzer
  15. Thermo Fisher Scientific:
    • LDS Series: LDS 7000, LDS 7200
  16. KYOTO ELECTRONICS (Kyoto Denshi):
    • AT-710
    • MKH-700
      • Type: Volumetric/Coulometric Karl Fischer Moisture Meter
      • Features: Wide measurement range for water content (0μg to 500mg H2O), high measurement accuracy (0.3%), and fine measurement resolution (0.1μg)
    • ADP-611 Automatic Karl Fischer Sample Heating Processor
      • Used in conjunction with the Karl Fischer moisture meter for automatic sample heating to vaporize the water in the sample.
      • Features: Complies with ISO 15512 and ASTM D6869 furnace test requirements, with automatic heating, automatic scanning of sample evaporation temperature, and heated conduit from the furnace to the moisture meter to prevent condensation.
      • Technical Parameters: Temperature control range of 50 to 300°C, sample boat capacity of 16mL, gas flow rate of 70 to 300mL/min, etc.
    • Other Models:
      • MKV-710D: Volumetric titration moisture meter, Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKC-710D: Coulometric moisture meter, Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKH-710M: Mixed method Karl Fischer moisture meter.
      • MKC-710B: Practical coulometric Karl Fischer moisture meter, Karl Fischer micro-water meter.
      • MKC-710S: Luxury Karl Fischer coulometric moisture meter.
      • MKC-710M: Flagship coulometric Karl Fischer moisture meter.

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing moisture analyzers and can quickly repair various types of instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales services for various moisture analyzers. Welcome to consult us.

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 Density Meter Comprehensive Guide: Operating Principles, Brands,Usage, Faults, and Maintenance

Density Meter Overview

The Density Meter is a precision instrument used to measure the density of objects. It finds wide application in laboratories, industrial production, and scientific research. By measuring the mass and volume of an object, it calculates density based on the definition of mass-to-volume ratio. Capable of measuring both solid and liquid densities, the density meter offers speed, accuracy, and ease of operation.

Principles

The fundamental principle of the density meter is based on Archimedes’ Principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. According to this principle, density meters are designed to float in liquids and indirectly measure liquid density by assessing the relationship between buoyancy and gravity. Various types of density meters, such as oscillating tube, hydrostatic, and radioactive isotope meters, may employ different working principles, but the core idea involves inferring density by measuring the force state of an object in a liquid.

Usage

Preparation:

  • Ensure the density meter is fully powered and its indication range and accuracy meet measurement requirements.
  • Clean the measurement container to ensure no impurities.

Measurement Steps:

  1. Determine Object Mass: Use a balance to measure and record the mass of the object to be tested.
  2. Place Measurement Container: Select a suitable measurement container, place it on the density meter platform, and eliminate bubbles.
  3. Fill Liquid: Slowly pour in the liquid to be measured until the surface is stable.
  4. Place Object: Gently place the object in the container, keeping it suspended and avoiding contact with the container walls.
  5. Read Measurement: Wait for the density meter to stabilize and read the density value on the display.

Common Faults and Repairs

Power Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Unable to start normally or sudden power-off, display shows nothing or abnormally.
  • Repair: Check power cord connection, replace power socket or cord. Ensure stable power supply and avoid excessive voltage fluctuations. For internal power module faults, contact the manufacturer or professional repair personnel.

Display Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Display shows garbled characters, no display, or unclear display.
  • Repair: Gently wipe the display to remove stains. If the problem persists, try restarting the density meter or contact the manufacturer for repair.

Sensor Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Measurement results are inaccurate or abnormal.
  • Repair: Clean the sensor to remove stains. If the sensor is damaged, replace it. For sensor calibration errors, recalibrate according to the manual or contact the manufacturer.

Connection Line Fault:

  • Phenomenon: Unstable or unable to connect the density meter to a computer or other devices.
  • Repair: Check if the connection plug is tightly inserted and replace damaged connection lines.

Temperature Drift:

  • Phenomenon: Measurement results are unstable or have large deviations at different temperatures.
  • Repair: Check the working environment temperature and avoid excessively high or low temperatures. For temperature drift issues, contact the manufacturer for repair or replace with a suitable density meter.

Leakage:

  • Phenomenon: The density meter leaks, resulting in poor measurement repeatability.
  • Repair: Inspect and replace damaged seals. Ensure proper sample handling, eliminate bubbles and suspended particles before measurement.

Maintenance and Care

  • Regular Inspection: After a period of use, check the accuracy of measurement results.
  • Regular Calibration: Perform regular calibration according to manual requirements to maintain the accuracy and stability of the density meter.
  • Cleaning: Clean containers and measurement components before and after use to avoid contamination.
  • Avoid Collision and Dropping: As a precision instrument, the density meter should be protected from collisions and drops.

Summary of Repaired Density Meter Brands and Models by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Anton Paar
    • DMA Series: DMA 35, DMA 1001, DMA 4101, DMA 4501, DMA 5000 M
  2. Mettler Toledo
    • D Series: DM40, DM45, DE45
  3. Rudolph Research Analytical
    • D Series: DDM 2910, DDM 2911, DDM 2911 Plus, DDM 2911 LAB
  4. Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing (KEM)
    • DA Series: DA-130N, DA-155N, DA-650, DA-640, DA-645, DA-860
  5. Emerson
    • Micro Motion Series: Micro Motion ELITE CMFS010M, CMFS015M, CMFS025M
  6. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • D Series: Densito 30PX, Densito 30PXU
  7. KEM
    • DA Series: DA-130N, DA-155N, DA-500
  8. DMA Lab
    • L Series: L100, L100i, L200
  9. LAUDA Scientific
    • iVisc: High-precision Density Meter
  10. Endress+Hauser
    • Liquiphant Series: FTL31, FTL33, FTL51
  11. Yokogawa
    • DM8: Fixed Density Meter
  12. KROHNE
    • Optisys Series: Optisys MCM2000, Optisys MCM1000
  13. Hach
    • Density Meter Series: 2100Q, 2100AN
  14. A&D
    • AD Series: AD-4212B, AD-4212C, AD-4212D
  15. Bopp & Reuther
    • Density Meter Series: DVO-68, DVO-69

With nearly 30 years of experience in repairing density meters, Longi Electromechanical can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we offer recycling and sales of various density meters. Welcome to consult.

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Comprehensive Analysis and Repair Guide for Potentiometric Titration Systems

I. Overview of Potentiometric Titration System

The potentiometric titration system is a widely used analytical instrument in fields such as chemistry, environmental protection, food, and pharmaceuticals. It observes and measures changes in the potential of a solution under test to determine the endpoint of titration analysis and perform quantitative analysis. The system consists of an indicator electrode and a reference electrode, forming a working cell that monitors potential changes during the titration process to accurately calculate the content of the component being tested.

II. Principle of Potentiometric Titration System

The basic principle of the potentiometric titration system is based on electrochemistry. In the titration solution, an indicator electrode and a reference electrode are inserted to form a working cell. As the titrant is gradually added, a chemical reaction occurs between the tested ions and the titrant, leading to changes in ion concentration and, consequently, corresponding changes in the potential of the indicator electrode. When approaching the stoichiometric point, significant changes in the concentration of the tested ions in the solution occur, resulting in a sudden jump in the potential of the indicator electrode. By observing and measuring changes in the electromotive force of the working cell, the endpoint of titration can be determined, and the content of the tested component can be calculated accordingly.

III. Usage Method of Potentiometric Titration System

Preparation:

  • Select appropriate indicator and reference electrodes based on the type of titration reaction.
  • Install the electrodes, ensuring correct connection of positive and negative terminals.
  • Install the burette and solenoid valve, connect relevant tubing, and fill with titration solution.

Parameter Setting:

  • Select the preset endpoint potential value and adjust the potentiometer to the required value.
  • Select the mv or pH range as needed and fix the preset potentiometer.

Titration Operation:

  • Start the titration, controlling the titration speed to avoid being too fast or too slow.
  • Observe potential changes. When approaching the endpoint, the potentiometer will automatically adjust the titration speed (e.g., approximately 0.02 ml each time) until reaching the endpoint potential.
  • The endpoint indicator light will illuminate, and a buzzer will sound, indicating the end of the titration.

Data Processing:

  • Record the volume of titrant consumed at the endpoint and calculate the content of the tested component using the formula.

IV. Common Faults and Repair Methods of Potentiometric Titration System

Inaccurate Reading:

  • Cause: Electrode contamination or expired indicator solution.
  • Repair Method: Clean the electrode surface to remove contamination; replace expired indicator solution.

Unstable Measurement:

  • Cause: Bubbles in the sample or incomplete immersion of the electrode.
  • Repair Method: Stir the sample to eliminate bubbles; adjust the electrode position and angle to ensure complete immersion in the sample.

Non-Responsive Electrode:

  • Cause: Electrode distortion or contamination.
  • Repair Method: Inspect the electrode appearance and replace if distorted; clean the electrode surface to remove contaminants.

Low Titration Liquid Level:

  • Cause: Insufficient injection or volume of titration liquid.
  • Repair Method: Fully inject the titration liquid; adjust the volume of titration liquid to ensure sufficiency.

Large Reading Fluctuation:

  • Cause: Electrode residue, expired or contaminated reagents, or loosely closed reagent bottle caps.
  • Repair Method: Clean and calibrate the electrode; check and replace expired or contaminated reagents; ensure tight closure of reagent bottle caps.

Leakage Issues:

  • Cause: Damaged liquid level sensor, open or clogged drip control valve.
  • Repair Method: Replace the liquid level sensor; check and close the drip control valve; clean the drip tubing.

Abnormal Display or Non-Function:

  • Cause: Power connection issues, damaged display screen.
  • Repair Method: Check power connections and supply; replace the damaged display screen.

Other Faults:

For complex issues such as internal circuit faults, sensor faults, and control board faults, it is recommended to contact professionals for repair.

V. Summary of Repaired Potentiometric Titration System Brands and Models by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Metrohm
    • Titrando Series: 888 Titrando, 890 Titrando, 905 Titrando, 906 Titrando
    • Eco Titrator: Basic Titration System
    • Ti-Touch Series: 916 Ti-Touch, 915 KF Ti-Touch
  2. Mettler Toledo
    • T70 Series: T70 Excellence, T90 Excellence
    • Compact Series: G20 Compact, G10 Compact, G30 Compact
    • InMotion Series: InMotion Flex, InMotion Max
    • EasyPlus Series: EasyPlus Titrator
  3. Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing (KEM)
    • AT Series: AT-710, AT-510
    • MKC Series: MKC-710, MKC-610
  4. Hanna Instruments
    • HI902C: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
    • HI931: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
  5. Hach
    • Titralab AT1000 Series: AT1102, AT1112, AT1122
  6. Titrando
    • T70: Universal Potentiometric Titration System
    • T90: Advanced Potentiometric Titration System
  7. Analytik Jena
    • Titration Excellence Series: TL 7000, TL 7750, TL 7800
  8. SI Analytics (Xylem)
    • TitroLine Series: TitroLine 5000, TitroLine 7000, TitroLine 7750
  9. Hiranuma
    • COM Series: COM-300A, COM-1700
  10. KNAUER
    • Smartline: Fully Automatic Potentiometric Titration System
  11. Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • Orion Star T900: Potentiometric Titration System
  12. Bante Instruments
    • Bante900: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator

Longi Electromechanical has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing potentiometric titration systems and can quickly repair various instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various potentiometric titration systems. Welcome to consult.

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LiDAR Technology: Comprehensive Analysis of Principles, Usage, Common Faults, and Repair Methods

Overview of LiDAR

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that utilizes laser pulses for ranging and speed measurement. By emitting laser pulses and measuring the time difference for their reflection back, it calculates the distance between objects and sensors. LiDAR is widely applied in autonomous driving, robotic navigation, surveying and mapping, terrain modeling, and is gradually penetrating consumer electronics such as smartphones, providing users with more precise and diverse functional experiences.

Principles

The working principles of LiDAR mainly involve the following steps:

  • Laser Pulse Emission: The LiDAR emitter sends out short, intense laser pulses, typically with wavelengths of 905nm or 1550nm in the near-infrared spectrum.
  • Target Reflection: When the laser pulses hit the surface of the target object, part of the laser energy is reflected back to the LiDAR system.
  • Time Measurement: The LiDAR receiver detects the reflected pulses and precisely measures the time difference from pulse emission to reception.
  • Distance Calculation: Knowing the speed of light, the distance between the LiDAR and the target object is calculated using the measured time difference.
  • Data Processing: The received signals are amplified, filtered, and digitized to extract information such as distance, speed, and shape of the target, which is used for imaging or further analysis.

Usage Method

Taking the LiDAR scanner on an iPhone as an example, the usage method is generally as follows:

  1. Enable Function: Go to the phone’s settings menu, find the “Camera” option under “Privacy”, and enable the “Measure” function.
  2. Open Camera App: In the camera app interface, the measuring tool icon will be displayed at the top; tap to enter LiDAR scanner mode.
  3. Align Target: Align the phone with the target object to be measured and move the phone to focus on different parts of the object.
  4. Perform Scan: Tap the white button on the screen to scan. The system will use LiDAR technology to quickly measure the object’s dimensions and distance, displaying the information on the screen.

Faults and Repair Methods

LiDAR may encounter various faults during usage. Common fault types and repair methods include:

  • Sensor Error:
    • Phenomenon: May cause communication interruption, abnormal scanning, etc.
    • Solution: Check if the device communication lines are unobstructed and confirm if there is any loosening or damage. Restart the device or replace the sensor if necessary.
  • Laser Beam Issue:
    • Phenomenon: May lead to inaccurate measurements or abnormal phenomena such as scattered points.
    • Solution: Calibrate the laser emitter and receiver to ensure stable beam quality. If the problem is severe, consider replacing the laser or repairing the device.
  • Data Transmission Problem:
    • Phenomenon: Data interruption, data loss, etc., may occur.
    • Solution: Check the contact and functionality of the device’s transmission pathways and communication lines. Replace the lines or device if faulty. For software issues, try upgrading or reinstalling the software.
  • Environmental Interference:
    • Phenomenon: Factors such as light and reflection may affect measurement results.
    • Solution: Ensure sufficient and stable ambient light during scanning and avoid interference from intense light sources or reflective objects.
  • Mechanical Component Fault (For Mechanical Rotating LiDAR):
    • Phenomenon: Issues like mirrors or prisms not rotating smoothly may limit the scanning range.
    • Solution: Check if the mechanical components are well-lubricated and clean and maintain them if necessary.

Summary

As a high-precision remote sensing technology, LiDAR plays a crucial role in multiple fields. By understanding its working principles and usage methods, users can better leverage this technology to enhance work efficiency and experience. Simultaneously, for potential faults, promptly adopting effective repair measures can ensure the stable operation and accurate measurement of the LiDAR system. With continuous technological advancements, the application prospects of LiDAR will become even broader.

Brands and Models of LiDAR Repaired by Longi Electromechanical

  1. Velodyne Lidar
    • Alpha Prime™: Advanced LiDAR sensor
    • VLS-128™: High-resolution 128-channel LiDAR
    • VLP-32C Ultra Puck™: High-performance, compact LiDAR
    • Puck™ (VLP-16): Compact, 16-channel LiDAR
    • Puck LITE™: Lightweight version of VLP-16
  2. Ouster
    • OS1 Series: OS1-16, OS1-32, OS1-64
    • OS2 Series: OS2-128
    • OS0 Series: OS0-32, OS0-64
  3. Quanergy
    • M8 Series: M8-1, M8-2
    • S3 Series: S3-2, S3-Qi
  4. Innoviz
    • InnovizOne: Solid-state LiDAR sensor
    • InnovizPro: Automotive-grade LiDAR
  5. Luminar
    • Iris: Automotive-grade LiDAR
    • Hydra: High-performance LiDAR for autonomous vehicles
  6. Hesai
    • Pandora: Combined camera and LiDAR sensor
    • Pandar40P: 40-channel LiDAR
    • Pandar64: 64-channel LiDAR
    • PandarQT: Automotive-grade, long-range LiDAR
  7. RoboSense
    • RS-LiDAR-M1: MEMS solid-state LiDAR
    • RS-LiDAR-16: 16-channel mechanical LiDAR
    • RS-Ruby: High-performance, mechanical LiDAR
  8. Livox
    • Horizon: High-density, long-range LiDAR
    • Mid-40: High-precision, medium-range LiDAR
    • Mid-70: Wide field of view, medium-range LiDAR
  9. Velarray (by Velodyne)
    • H800: Solid-state, high-performance LiDAR
    • M1600: Automotive-grade, solid-state LiDAR
  10. Valeo
    • Scala 2: Automotive-grade, high-resolution LiDAR
  11. Cepton
    • Vista Series: Vista-P60, Vista-X90
    • Sora Series: Sora-P60, Sora-X90
  12. AEye
    • iDAR (Intelligent Detection and Ranging): 4Sight M, 4Sight A
  13. LeddarTech
    • Leddar Pixell: 3D flash LiDAR
    • Leddar Vu8: Solid-state LiDAR
  14. Leica Geosystems
    • Leica BLK360: Imaging laser scanner
    • Leica BLK2GO: Handheld imaging laser scanner
    • Leica PegasusUltimate: Mobile mapping solution
  15. SICK
    • MRS1000: Multi-layer scanner
    • LMS1000: Long-range scanner
  16. RIEGL
    • VZ Series: VZ-400i, VZ-2000i
    • LMS Series: LMS-Q780, LMS-Q1560
  17. Topcon
    • GLS-2000: Laser scanner
    • RL-SV2S: Rotating laser
  18. Faro
    • Focus3D Series: Focus3D X 330, Focus3D X 130
    • S Series: S350, S150
  19. Trimble
    • X7: 3D laser scanner
    • TX8: High-speed laser scanner

Longi Electromechanical Company has nearly 30 years of experience in repairing LiDAR, enabling quick repairs for various instruments. Additionally, we recycle and sell various types of LiDAR. Welcome to consult.