Category: Instrumentation

— A Focus on “END” Faults and TRIP Light Illumination

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Inverters 2.1 How Inverters Work 2.2 Technical Specifications of Anruiji E6 Series Inverters 2.3 Core Functions and Applications
3. Basic Fault Diagnosis Process 3.1 Classification of Fault Phenomena 3.2 Steps for Fault Diagnosis
4. In-Depth Analysis of “END” Faults and TRIP Light Illumination 4.1 Definition and Manifestation of Faults 4.2 Possible Causes of Faults 4.3 Viewing and Interpreting Fault Codes
5. Common Fault Types and Solutions 5.1 Overcurrent Faults (OC1/OC2/OC3) 5.2 Overload Faults (OL1/OL2) 5.3 Phase Loss Faults (SP1/SP0) 5.4 Overvoltage/Undervoltage Faults (OV1/OV2/UV) 5.5 Motor Parameter Autotuning Faults (TE) 5.6 External Faults (EF)
6. Principles and Troubleshooting of Motor Parameter Autotuning 6.1 Purpose and Process of Autotuning 6.2 Causes and Solutions for Autotuning Failures
7. Maintenance and Upkeep of Inverters 7.1 Daily Maintenance Checklist 7.2 Periodic Maintenance Procedures 7.3 Replacement of Wear-Prone Components
8. Advanced Fault Diagnosis Techniques 8.1 Using Oscilloscopes for Signal Analysis 8.2 Diagnosing Issues via Analog Inputs and Outputs 8.3 Remote Monitoring through Communication Functions
9. Case Studies 9.1 Case Study 1: “END” Fault Due to Failed Motor Parameter Autotuning 9.2 Case Study 2: TRIP Light Illumination Caused by Overcurrent 9.3 Case Study 3: Inverter Shutdown Due to Input Phase Loss
10. Preventive Measures and Best Practices 10.1 Avoiding Common Faults 10.2 Best Practices for Parameter Settings 10.3 Environmental Factors Affecting Inverters
11. Conclusion

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1. Introduction

Inverters are pivotal components in modern industrial automation systems, widely used for motor control, energy conservation, and precise speed regulation. The Anruiji E6 series inverters are renowned for their high performance, reliability, and extensive functionality. However, inverters can encounter various faults during operation, such as the “END” fault and TRIP light illumination, which can disrupt production and potentially damage equipment.

This article focuses on the Anruiji E6 series inverters, providing an in-depth analysis of the causes, diagnostic methods, and solutions for “END” faults and TRIP light illumination. Combined with practical case studies, this guide offers a systematic approach to troubleshooting and maintenance, helping engineers and technicians quickly identify and resolve issues to restore production efficiency.

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2. Fundamentals of Inverters

2.1 How Inverters Work

Inverters adjust the frequency and voltage of the input power supply to achieve precise control of AC motors. Key components include:

• Rectifier Unit: Converts AC power to DC power.
• Filter Unit: Smooths the DC voltage.
• Inverter Unit: Converts DC power back to adjustable frequency and voltage AC power.
• Control Unit: Adjusts output frequency and voltage based on set parameters and feedback signals.

2.2 Technical Specifications of Anruiji E6 Series Inverters

The Anruiji E6 series inverters feature:

• Input/Output Characteristics:
  • Input Voltage Range: 380V/220V ±15%
  • Output Frequency Range: 0~600Hz
  • Overload Capacity: 150% rated current for 60s, 180% rated current for 10s
• Control Modes:
  • Sensorless Vector Control (SVC)
  • V/F Control
  • Torque Control
• Functional Features:
  • PID Control, Multi-Speed Control, Swing Frequency Control
  • Instantaneous Power Loss Ride-Through, Speed Tracking Restart
  • 25 types of fault protection functions

2.3 Core Functions and Applications

Inverters are widely used in:

• Fans and Pumps: Achieving energy savings through speed regulation.
• Machine Tools and Injection Molding Machines: Precise control of speed and torque.
• Cranes and Elevators: Smooth start/stop operations to reduce mechanical stress.
• Textile and Fiber Industries: Swing frequency control for uniform winding.

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3. Basic Fault Diagnosis Process

3.1 Classification of Fault Phenomena

Inverter faults can be categorized as:

• Hardware Faults: Such as IGBT damage, capacitor aging, and loose connections.
• Parameter Faults: Incorrect parameter settings or failed autotuning.
• Environmental Faults: Overheating, high humidity, and electromagnetic interference.
• Load Faults: Motor stalling, excessive load, or mechanical jamming.

3.2 Steps for Fault Diagnosis

1. Observe Fault Phenomena: Note display messages and indicator light statuses.
2. Check Fault Codes: Retrieve specific fault codes via the panel or communication software.
3. Analyze Possible Causes: Refer to the manual to list potential causes based on fault codes.
4. Systematic Troubleshooting: Start with simple checks and progress to more complex issues.
5. Verification and Repair: After fixing the fault, restart the inverter to verify the solution.

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4. In-Depth Analysis of “END” Faults and TRIP Light Illumination

4.1 Definition and Manifestation of Faults

• “END” Display: Typically appears after motor parameter autotuning or parameter setting completion. If accompanied by the TRIP light, it indicates a fault during autotuning or operation.
• TRIP Light Illumination: Indicates that the inverter has triggered a fault protection and stopped output.

4.2 Possible Causes of Faults

1. Failed Motor Parameter Autotuning:
   • Motor not disconnected from the load (autotuning requires no load).
   • Incorrect motor nameplate parameters (F2.01~F2.05).
   • Inappropriate acceleration/deceleration times (F0.09, F0.10) causing overcurrent.
2. Overcurrent Faults:
   • Motor stalling or excessive load.
   • Unstable input voltage (undervoltage or overvoltage).
   • Mismatch between inverter power and motor power.
3. Overload Faults:
   • Motor operating under high load for extended periods.
   • Overload protection parameter (Fb.01) set too low.
4. Input/Output Phase Loss:
   • Loose connections in input (R, S, T) or output (U, V, W).
5. Overvoltage/Undervoltage:
   • Significant input voltage fluctuations.
   • Short deceleration time causing energy feedback and bus overvoltage.

4.3 Viewing and Interpreting Fault Codes

• Press PRG/ESC or DATA/ENT to view specific fault codes (e.g., OC1, OL1, TE).
• Refer to the “Fault Information and Troubleshooting” section in the manual to find solutions based on fault codes.

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5. Common Fault Types and Solutions

5.1 Overcurrent Faults (OC1/OC2/OC3)

Causes:

• Acceleration time too short (F0.09).
• Motor stalling or excessive load.
• Low input voltage.

Solutions:

• Increase acceleration time (F0.09).
• Check motor and load for mechanical jamming.
• Verify input voltage stability.

5.2 Overload Faults (OL1/OL2)

Causes:

• Motor operating under high load for extended periods.
• Overload protection parameter (Fb.01) set too low.

Solutions:

• Adjust overload protection current (Fb.01).
• Check motor cooling and load conditions.

5.3 Phase Loss Faults (SP1/SP0)

Causes:

• Loose input or output connections.
• Incorrect wiring of power source or motor.

Solutions:

• Check input (R, S, T) and output (U, V, W) connections.
• Ensure no short circuits or open circuits in power source or motor wiring.

5.4 Overvoltage/Undervoltage Faults (OV1/OV2/UV)

Causes:

• Significant input voltage fluctuations.
• Short deceleration time causing energy feedback and bus overvoltage.

Solutions:

• Increase deceleration time (F0.10).
• Install braking resistors or units.
• Check input voltage stability.

5.5 Motor Parameter Autotuning Faults (TE)

Causes:

• Incorrect motor parameters.
• Motor not disconnected from the load.
• Autotuning timeout.

Solutions:

• Re-enter motor nameplate parameters (F2.01~F2.05).
• Ensure motor is unloaded.
• Set appropriate acceleration/deceleration times (F0.09, F0.10).

5.6 External Faults (EF)

Causes:

• External fault input terminal activation.
• Communication faults (CE).

Solutions:

• Check external fault input signals.
• Verify communication lines and baud rate settings.

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6. Principles and Troubleshooting of Motor Parameter Autotuning

6.1 Purpose and Process of Autotuning

Motor parameter autotuning aims to obtain precise motor parameters (e.g., stator resistance, rotor resistance, inductance) to enhance control accuracy. The process includes:

1. Set F0.13=1 (Full Autotuning).
2. Press RUN to start autotuning.
3. The inverter drives the motor and calculates parameters.
4. Upon completion, parameters are automatically updated to F2.06~F2.10.

6.2 Causes and Solutions for Autotuning Failures

Cause	Solution
Motor not unloaded	Ensure motor is disconnected from load
Incorrect parameters	Re-enter motor nameplate parameters (F2.01~F2.05)
Short acceleration/deceleration times	Increase F0.09, F0.10
Incorrect motor wiring	Check U, V, W connections
Unstable power supply	Verify input voltage

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7. Maintenance and Upkeep of Inverters

7.1 Daily Maintenance Checklist

• Check environmental temperature and humidity.
• Ensure fan operates normally.
• Verify input voltage and frequency stability.

7.2 Periodic Maintenance Procedures

Check Item	Check Content	Action
External Terminals	Loose screws	Tighten
PCB Board	Dust, debris	Clean with dry compressed air
Fan	Abnormal noise, vibration	Clean or replace
Electrolytic Capacitors	Discoloration, odor	Replace

7.3 Replacement of Wear-Prone Components

• Fans: Replace after 20,000 hours of use.
• Electrolytic Capacitors: Replace after 30,000 to 40,000 hours of use.

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8. Advanced Fault Diagnosis Techniques

8.1 Using Oscilloscopes for Signal Analysis

• Check input/output voltage waveforms for distortions or phase loss.
• Analyze analog input/output signals for interference.

8.2 Diagnosing Issues via Analog Inputs and Outputs

• Verify A11, A12 inputs are normal.
• Check AO1, AO2 outputs match settings.

8.3 Remote Monitoring through Communication Functions

• Use Modbus communication to read real-time inverter data.
• Remotely adjust parameters to avoid on-site operation risks.

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9. Case Studies

9.1 Case Study 1: “END” Fault Due to Failed Motor Parameter Autotuning

Phenomenon: Inverter displays “END”, TRIP light illuminated. Cause: Motor not disconnected from load, autotuning timeout. Solution:

1. Disconnect motor from load.
2. Re-enter motor parameters (F2.01~F2.05).
3. Restart autotuning (F0.13=1).

9.2 Case Study 2: TRIP Light Illumination Caused by Overcurrent

Phenomenon: Inverter shuts down during operation, displays OC1. Cause: Acceleration time too short, motor stalling. Solution:

1. Increase acceleration time (F0.09=20s).
2. Check motor load for jamming.

9.3 Case Study 3: Inverter Shutdown Due to Input Phase Loss

Phenomenon: Inverter fails to start, displays SP1. Cause: Input power source R phase loss. Solution:

1. Check input connections, ensure R, S, T are connected.
2. Restart inverter, fault cleared.

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10. Preventive Measures and Best Practices

10.1 Avoiding Common Faults

• Regularly check connections and environment.
• Set reasonable acceleration/deceleration times and overload protection parameters.
• Avoid frequent starts/stops to reduce mechanical stress.

10.2 Best Practices for Parameter Settings

• Accurately set motor parameters (F2.01~F2.05) based on nameplate.
• Optimize carrier frequency (F0.12) to balance noise and efficiency.
• Enable AVR function (F0.15) to improve voltage stability.

10.3 Environmental Factors Affecting Inverters

• Avoid high temperature, humidity, and dusty environments.
• Ensure good ventilation to prevent overheating.

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11. Conclusion

The “END” fault and TRIP light illumination in Anruiji E6 series inverters are typically caused by failed motor parameter autotuning, overcurrent, overload, phase loss, and other issues. Through a systematic fault diagnosis process, combined with fault codes and practical case studies, issues can be quickly identified and resolved. Regular maintenance and proper parameter settings are crucial for ensuring the long-term stable operation of inverters. Engineers should be familiar with the working principles and fault characteristics of inverters to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of troubleshooting.

I. Product Overview

The Easy-Laser E420 is a laser-based shaft alignment system designed specifically for the alignment operations of horizontally and vertically installed rotating machinery, such as pumps, motors, gearboxes, etc. This system utilizes high-precision laser emitters and Position Sensitive Detectors (PSDs) to capture alignment deviations in real-time and guides users through adjustments with intuitive numerical and graphical interfaces. This guide combines the core content of the user manual and provides detailed explanations on equipment composition, operation procedures, functional settings, and maintenance to help users fully master the usage methods of the device.

II. Equipment Composition and Key Components

System Components

• Measurement Units (M Unit and S Unit): Installed on the fixed end and the movable end respectively, transmitting data via wireless communication.
• Display Unit E53: Equipped with a 5.7-inch color backlit display, featuring a built-in lithium battery that supports up to 30 hours of continuous operation.
• Accessory Kit: Includes shaft brackets, chains, extension rods (60mm/120mm), measuring tapes, power adapters, and data management software, etc.

Technical Specifications

• Resolution: 0.01 mm (0.5 mil)
• Measurement Accuracy: ±5µm ±1%
• Laser Safety Class: Class 2 (power <0.6mW)
• Operating Temperature Range: -10°C to +50°C
• Protection Rating: IP65 (dustproof and waterproof)

III. Equipment Initialization and Basic Settings

Display Unit Operation

• Navigation and Function Keys: Use the directional keys to select icons or adjust values, and the OK key to confirm operations. Function key icons change dynamically with the interface, with common functions including returning to the previous level, saving files, and opening the control panel.
• Status Bar Information: Displays the current unit, filtering status, battery level, and wireless connection status.
• Screen Capture: Press and hold the “.” key for 5 seconds to save the current interface as a JPG file, facilitating report generation.

Battery and Charging Management

• Charging Procedure: Connect the display unit using the original power adapter and charge up to 8 measurement units simultaneously via a distribution box.
• Low Battery Alert: An LED red light flashes to indicate the need for charging, a green light flashes during charging, and remains lit when fully charged.
• Temperature Considerations: The charging environment should be controlled between 0°C and 40°C, with faster charging speeds in the off state.

System Settings

• Language and Units: Supports multiple languages, with unit options for metric (mm) or imperial (mil).

IV. Detailed Measurement Procedures

Horizontal Alignment (Horizontal Program)

• Installation Steps: Fix the S unit on the stationary machine and the M unit on the movable machine, ensuring relative positional offset. Align the laser beams with the targets on both sides using adjustment knobs. When using wireless functionality, search for and pair the measurement units in the control panel.
• Measurement Modes:
  • EasyTurn™: Allows recording three measurement points within a 40° rotation range, suitable for space-constrained scenarios.
  • 9-12-3 Mode: Requires recording data at the 9 o’clock, 12 o’clock, and 3 o’clock positions on a clock face.
• Result Analysis: The interface displays real-time horizontal and vertical offsets and angular errors, with green indicators showing values within tolerance ranges.

Vertical Alignment (Vertical Program)

• Applicable Scenarios: For vertically installed or flange-connected equipment.
• Key Parameter Inputs: Include measurement unit spacing, bolt quantity (4/6/8), bolt circle diameter, etc.
• Adjustment Method: Gradually adjust the machine base height and horizontal position based on real-time values or shim calculation results.

Softfoot Check

• Purpose: To check if the machine feet are evenly loaded, avoiding alignment failure due to foundation distortion.
• Operation Procedure: Tighten all anchor bolts. Sequentially loosen and retighten individual bolts, recording detector value changes.
• Result Interpretation: Arrows indicate the machine tilt direction, requiring shim adjustments for the foot with the largest displacement.

V. Advanced Functions and Data Processing

Tolerance Settings (Tolerance)

• Preset Standards: Based on rotational speed分级 (e.g., 0–1000 rpm corresponds to a 0.07mm offset tolerance), users can also customize tolerance values.

File Management

• Saving and Exporting: Supports saving measurement results as XML files, which can be copied to a USB drive or associated with equipment data via barcodes.
• Favorites Function: Save commonly used machine parameters as “FAV” files for direct recall later.

Filter Adjustment (Filter)

• Function: Suppresses reading fluctuations caused by temperature variations or vibrations.
• Setting Recommendations: The default value is 1, typically using levels 1–3 for filtering, with higher values providing greater stability but taking longer.

Thermal Compensation (Thermal Compensation)

• Application Scenarios: Compensates for height changes due to thermal expansion during machine operation. For example, when thermal expansion is +5mm, a -5mm compensation value should be preset in the cold state.

VI. Calibration and Maintenance

Calibration Check

• Quick Verification: Use a 0.01mm tolerance to lift the measurement unit by 1mm using shims and verify if the readings match the actual displacement.

Safety Precautions

• Laser Safety: Never look directly into the laser beam or aim it at others’ eyes.
• Equipment Warranty: The entire unit comes with a 3-year warranty, but the battery capacity warranty period is 1 year (requiring maintenance of at least 70% capacity).
• Prohibited Scenarios: Do not use in areas with explosion risks.

VII. Troubleshooting and Technical Support

Common Issues

• Unstable Readings: Check for environmental temperature gradients or airflow influences, and increase the filtering value.
• Unable to Connect Wireless Units: Ensure that the units are not simultaneously using wired connections and re-search for devices in the control panel.

Service Channels

• Equipment must be repaired or calibrated by certified service centers. Users can query global service outlets through the official website.

VIII. Conclusion

The Easy-Laser E420 significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of shaft alignment operations through intelligent measurement procedures and intuitive interactive interfaces. Users should strictly follow the manual steps for equipment installation, parameter input, and result analysis, while making full use of advanced functions such as file management and thermal compensation to meet complex operational requirements. Regular calibration and standardized maintenance ensure long-term stable operation of the equipment, providing guarantees for industrial equipment safety.

1. Introduction

Polarimeters are widely used analytical instruments in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Their operation is based on the optical rotation of plane-polarized light when it passes through optically active substances. Starch, a fundamental carbohydrate in agricultural and food processing, plays a crucial role in quality control, formulation, and trade evaluation.
Compared with chemical titration or enzymatic assays, the polarimetric method offers advantages such as simplicity, high precision, and good repeatability — making it a preferred technique in many grain and food laboratories.

The WZZ-3 Automatic Polarimeter is one of the most commonly used models in domestic laboratories. It provides automatic calculation, digital display, and multiple measurement modes, and is frequently employed in starch, sugar, and pharmaceutical analyses.
However, in shared laboratory environments with multiple users, problems such as slow measurement response, unstable readings, and inconsistent zero points often occur. These issues reduce measurement efficiency and reliability.

This paper presents a systematic technical discussion on the WZZ-3 polarimeter’s performance in crude starch content measurement, analyzing its optical principles, operational settings, sample preparation, common errors, and optimization strategies, to improve measurement speed and precision for third-party laboratories.

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2. Working Principle and Structure of the WZZ-3 Polarimeter

2.1 Optical Measurement Principle

The fundamental principle of polarimetry states that when plane-polarized light passes through an optically active substance, the plane of polarization rotates by an angle α, known as the angle of optical rotation.
The relationship among the angle of rotation, specific rotation, concentration, and path length is expressed by:

[
\alpha = [\alpha]_{T}^{\lambda} \cdot l \cdot c
]

Where:

• ([\alpha]_{T}^{\lambda}) — specific rotation at wavelength λ and temperature T
• (l) — optical path length (dm)
• (c) — concentration of the solution (g/mL)

The WZZ-3 employs monochromatic light at 589.44 nm (sodium D-line). The light passes sequentially through a polarizer, sample tube, and analyzer. The instrument’s microprocessor system then detects the angle change using a photoelectric detector and automatically calculates and displays the result digitally.

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2.2 System Composition

Module	Function
Light Source	Sodium lamp or high-brightness LED for stable monochromatic light
Polarization System	Generates and analyzes plane-polarized light
Sample Compartment	Holds 100 mm or 200 mm sample tubes; sealed against dust and moisture
Photoelectric Detection	Converts light signal changes into electrical data
Control & Display Unit	Microcontroller computes α, [α], concentration, or sugar degree
Keypad and LCD	Allows mode selection, numeric input, and measurement display

The internal control logic performs automatic compensation, temperature correction (if enabled), and digital averaging, ensuring stable readings even under fluctuating light conditions.

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3. Principle and Workflow of Crude Starch Determination

3.1 Measurement Principle

Crude starch samples, after proper liquefaction and clarification, display a distinct right-handed optical rotation. The optical rotation angle (α) is directly proportional to the starch concentration.
By measuring α and applying a standard curve or calculation formula, the starch content can be determined precisely. The clarity and stability of the solution directly affect both response speed and measurement accuracy.

3.2 Sample Preparation Procedure

1. Gelatinization and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
   Mix the sample with distilled water and heat to 85–90 °C until completely gelatinized.
   Add α-amylase for liquefaction and then glucoamylase for saccharification at 55–60 °C until the solution becomes clear.
2. Clarification and Filtration
   Add Carrez I and II reagents to remove proteins and impurities. After standing or centrifugation, filter the supernatant through a 0.45 µm membrane.
3. Temperature Equilibration and Dilution
   Cool the filtrate to 20 °C, ensuring the same temperature as the instrument environment. Dilute to the calibration mark.
4. Measurement
   • Use distilled water as a blank for zeroing.
   • Fill the tube completely (preferably 100 mm optical path) and remove all air bubbles.
   • Record the optical rotation α.
   • If the rotation angle exceeds the measurable range, shorten the path or dilute the sample.

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4. Common Problems and Causes of Slow Response in WZZ-3

During routine use, several factors can cause the WZZ-3 polarimeter to exhibit delayed readings or unstable results.

4.1 Misconfigured Instrument Parameters

When multiple operators use the same instrument, settings are frequently modified unintentionally.
Typical parameter issues include:

Setting	Correct Value	Incorrect Setting & Effect
Measurement Mode	Optical Rotation	Changed to “Sugar” or “Concentration” — causes unnecessary calculation delay
Averaging Count (N)	1	Set to 6 or higher — multiple averaging cycles delay output
Time Constant / Filter	Short / Off	Set to “Long” — slow signal processing
Temperature Control	Off / 20 °C	Left “On” — instrument waits for thermal stability
Tube Length (L)	Actual tube length (1 dm or 2 dm)	Mismatch — optical signal weakens, measurement extended

These misconfigurations are the most frequent cause of slow response.

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4.2 Low Transmittance of Sample Solution

If the sample is cloudy or contains suspended solids, the transmitted light intensity decreases. The system compensates by extending the integration time to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in a sluggish display.
When transmittance drops below 10%, the detector may fail to lock onto the signal.

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4.3 Temperature Gradient or Condensation

A temperature difference between the sample and the optical system can cause condensation or fogging on the sample tube surface, scattering the light path.
The displayed value drifts gradually until equilibrium is reached, appearing as “slow convergence.”

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4.4 Aging Light Source or Contaminated Optics

Sodium lamps or optical windows degrade over time, lowering light intensity and forcing the system to prolong measurement cycles.
Symptoms include delayed zeroing, dim display, or low-intensity readings even with clear samples.

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4.5 Communication and Software Averaging

If connected to a PC with data logging enabled (e.g., 5 s sampling intervals or moving average), both display and response speed are limited by software settings. This is often mistaken for hardware delay.

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5. Standardized Parameter Settings and Optimization Strategy

5.1 Recommended Standard Configuration

Parameter	Recommended Setting	Note
Measurement Mode	Optical Rotation	Direct α measurement
Tube Length	Match actual tube (1 dm or 2 dm)	Prevent calculation mismatch
Averaging Count (N)	1	Fastest response
Filter / Smoothing	Off	Real-time display
Time Constant	Short or Auto	Minimizes integration time
Temperature Control	Off	For room-temperature samples
Wavelength	589.44 nm	Sodium D-line
Output Mode	Continuous / Real-time	Avoid print delay
Gain	Auto	Optimal signal balance

These baseline parameters restore the instrument’s “instant response” behavior.

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5.2 Operational Workflow

1. Blank Calibration
   • Fill the tube with distilled water.
   • Press “Zero.” The display should return to 0.000° within seconds.
   • If slow, inspect optical or parameter issues.
2. Sample Measurement
   • Load the prepared starch solution.
   • The optical rotation should stabilize within 3–5 seconds.
   • Larger delays indicate improper sample or configuration.
3. Data Recording
   • Take three consecutive readings.
   • Acceptable repeatability: standard deviation < 0.01°.
   • Calculate starch concentration via calibration curve.
4. Post-Measurement Maintenance
   • Rinse the tube with distilled water.
   • Perform “factory reset” weekly.
   • Inspect lamp intensity and optical cleanliness quarterly.

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6. Laboratory Management Under Multi-User Conditions

When multiple technicians share the same WZZ-3 polarimeter, management and configuration control are crucial to maintaining consistency.

6.1 Establish a “Standard Mode Lock”

Some models support saving user profiles. Save the optimal configuration as “Standard Mode” for automatic startup recall.
If unavailable, post a laminated parameter checklist near the instrument.

6.2 Access Control and Permissions

Lock or password-protect “System Settings.”
Only administrators may adjust system parameters, while general users perform only zeroing and measurement.

6.3 Routine Calibration and Verification

• Use a standard sucrose solution (26 g/100 mL, α = +13.333° per 100 mm) weekly to verify precision.
• If the response exceeds 10 s or deviates beyond tolerance, inspect light intensity and alignment.

6.4 Operation Log and Traceability

Maintain a Polarimeter Usage Log recording:

• Operator name
• Mode and settings
• Sample ID
• Response time and remarks

This allows quick identification of anomalies and operator training needs.

6.5 Staff Training and Certification

Regularly train all users on:

• Correct zeroing and measurement steps
• Prohibited actions (e.g., altering integration constants)
• Reporting of slow or unstable readings

Such standardization minimizes human error and prolongs equipment life.

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7. Case Study: Diagnosing Slow Measurement Response

A food processing laboratory reported a sudden increase in measurement time — from 3 s to 15–30 s per sample.

Investigation Findings:

1. Mode = Optical Rotation (correct).
2. Averaging Count (N) = 6; “Smoothing” = ON.
3. Sample solution slightly turbid and contained micro-bubbles.
4. Temperature control enabled but sample not equilibrated.

Corrective Measures:

• Reset N to 1 and disable smoothing.
• Filter and degas the sample solution.
• Turn off temperature control or match temperature to ambient.

Result:
Response time returned to 4 s, with excellent repeatability.

Conclusion:
Measurement delay often stems from combined human and sample factors. Once parameters and preparation are standardized, the WZZ-3 performs rapidly and reliably.

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8. Maintenance and Long-Term Stability

Long-term accuracy requires regular optical and mechanical maintenance.

Maintenance Item	Frequency	Description
Optical Window Cleaning	Monthly	Wipe with lint-free cloth and anhydrous ethanol
Light Source Inspection	Every 1,000 h	Replace aging sodium lamp
Environmental Conditions	Always	Keep in stable 20 ± 2 °C lab with minimal vibration
Power Supply	Always	Use independent voltage stabilizer
Calibration	Semi-annually	Verify with standard sucrose solution

By adhering to this preventive maintenance schedule, the WZZ-3 maintains long-term reliability and reproducibility.

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9. Discussion and Recommendations

The WZZ-3 polarimeter’s digital architecture provides high precision but is sensitive to user settings and sample clarity.
Slow responses, unstable zeroing, or delayed results are rarely caused by hardware faults — they are almost always traceable to:

1. Averaging or smoothing functions enabled;
2. Temperature stabilization waiting loop;
3. Cloudy or bubble-containing samples;
4. Aging optical components.

To prevent recurrence:

• Always restore “fast response” configuration before measurement.
• Use filtered, degassed, and temperature-equilibrated samples.
• Regularly calibrate with sucrose standards.
• Document all measurements and configuration changes.

Proper user discipline, combined with parameter locking and preventive maintenance, ensures the WZZ-3’s continued performance.

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10. Conclusion

The WZZ-3 Automatic Polarimeter is a reliable and efficient instrument for crude starch content analysis when properly configured and maintained.
In multi-user laboratories, incorrect parameter settings — especially averaging, smoothing, and temperature control — are the primary causes of slow or unstable readings.

By implementing the following practices:

• Standardize instrument settings,
• Match optical path length to actual sample tubes,
• Maintain sample clarity and temperature equilibrium,
• Enforce configuration management and operator training,

laboratories can restore fast, accurate, and reproducible measurement performance.

Furthermore, establishing a calibration and documentation system ensures long-term stability and compliance with analytical quality standards.

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I. Product Overview and Technical Advantages

The Precisa XM120-HR Moisture Analyzer is designed based on the thermogravimetric principle, specifically tailored for rapid determination of moisture content in powder and liquid samples within laboratory and industrial environments. Its notable technical advantages include:

• High-Precision Weighing Technology: Maximum weighing capacity of 124g with a resolution of 0.001g (0.0001g in HR mode), complying with international standards.
• Intelligent Drying Control: Supports a three-stage heating program (standard/fast/gentle modes) with a temperature range of 30°C–230°C and customizable drying endpoint conditions.
• Data Management Functionality: Built-in storage for 50 methods and 999 measurement records, supporting batch data management and adhering to GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) standards.
• User-Friendly Design: Features a 7-inch touchscreen, multilingual interface (including Chinese), and an RS232 port for remote control and data export.

II. Device Installation and Initial Configuration

1. Unpacking and Assembly
   • Component List: Main unit, power cord, windshield (1 piece), sample pan holder (2 pieces), sample tweezers (3 pieces), and 80 aluminum sample pans.
   • Assembly Steps:
     • Embed the windshield smoothly into the top slot of the main unit.
     • Install the sample pan holder and rotate to lock it in place.
     • Insert the sample tweezers, ensuring they are secure.
2. Environmental Requirements
   • Location Selection: Place on a level, vibration-free surface with an ambient temperature of 5°C–40°C and humidity of 25%–85% (non-condensing).
   • Power Connection: Use only the original power cord and ensure reliable grounding. Confirm voltage compatibility for 230V and 115V versions; modifications are prohibited.
3. Initial Calibration and Leveling
   • Leveling: Adjust the feet at the bottom to center the level bubble. Recalibrate after each device relocation.
   • Weight Calibration:
     • Enter the menu and select “External Calibration” mode. Place a 100g standard weight (accuracy ≤0.001g).
     • Save the data as prompted and verify the error after calibration.

III. Detailed Operation Procedures

1. Sample Preparation and Measurement
   • Sample Handling:
     • Solid Samples: Grind into a uniform powder and spread evenly on the sample pan (thickness ≤3mm).
     • Liquid Samples: Use glass fiber pads to prevent splashing.
   • Starting Measurement:
     • Press the 《TARE》 button to zero the scale, place the sample, and close the windshield.
     • Select a preset method or customize parameters, then press 《START》 to initiate.
2. Drying Program Setup
   • Multi-Stage Heating:
     • Stage I (Default): 105°C standard mode for 3 minutes, targeting 75% moisture removal.
     • Stages II/III: Activate higher temperatures or extend durations for difficult-to-volatilize samples.
   • Stopping Conditions:
     • Automatic Stop: When the weight change rate falls below the set value.
     • Time Stop: Maximum drying time limit.
     • AdaptStop: Intelligently determines the drying endpoint to avoid overheating.
3. Data Recording and Export
   • Batch Processing: Create batches and automatically number samples.
   • Printing Reports: Output complete reports using the 《PRINT》 button.
   • RS232 Transmission: Connect to a computer and send the “PRT” command to export raw data.

IV. Advanced Functions and Maintenance

1. Temperature Calibration
   • Calibration Tools: Use an optional temperature sensor (Model 350-8585), insert it into the sample chamber, and connect via RS232.
   • Steps:
     • Calibrate at 100°C and 160°C, inputting the actual measured values.
     • Save the data, and the system will automatically correct temperature deviations.
2. Software Upgrade
   • Download the update tool from the Precisa website, connect to a PC using a data cable (RJ45-DB9), and follow the prompts to complete the firmware upgrade.
3. Daily Maintenance
   • Cleaning: Wipe the sample chamber weekly with a soft cloth, avoiding contact with solvents on electronic components.
   • Troubleshooting:
     • Display “OL”: Overload, check sample weight.
     • Printing garbled text: Verify interface settings.
     • Heating abnormalities: Replace the fuse.

V. Safety Precautions

• Do not analyze flammable or explosive samples, such as ethanol or acetone.
• Avoid direct contact with the heating unit (which can reach 230°C) during the drying process; use sample tweezers for operation.
• Disconnect the power when not in use for extended periods, store in a dry environment, and retain the original packaging.

Conclusion

The Precisa XM120-HR Moisture Analyzer significantly enhances the efficiency and reliability of moisture detection through its modular design and intelligent algorithms. Users must fully grasp the calibration, program settings, and maintenance points outlined in this manual to maximize device performance. For special samples, refer to the relevant techniques in the manual and optimize parameters through preliminary experiments.

I. Product Overview and Technical Background

The Reichert AR360 Auto Refractor, developed by Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments (a subsidiary of Leica Microsystems), represents a cutting-edge electronic refraction device that embodies the technological advancements of the early 21st century in automated optometry. This device incorporates innovative image processing technology and an automatic alignment system, revolutionizing the traditional optometry process that previously required manual adjustments of control rods and chin rests.

The core technological advantage of the AR360 lies in its “hands-free” automatic alignment system. When a patient focuses on a fixed target and rests their forehead against the forehead support, the device automatically identifies the eye position and aligns with the corneal vertex. This breakthrough design not only enhances measurement efficiency (with a single measurement taking only a few seconds) but also significantly improves patient comfort, making it particularly suitable for children, the elderly, and patients with special needs.

As a professional-grade ophthalmic diagnostic device, the AR360 offers a comprehensive measurement range:

• Sphere: -18.00D to +18.00D (adjustable step sizes of 0.01D/0.12D/0.25D)
• Cylinder: 0 to 10.00D
• Axis: 0-180 degrees
  It caters to the full spectrum of refractive error detection, from mild to severe cases.

II. Device Composition and Functional Module Analysis

2.1 Hardware System Architecture

The AR360 features a modular design with the following core components:

Optical Measurement System:

• Optical path comprising an infrared light source and imaging sensor
• Built-in self-calibration program (automatically executed upon power-on and after each measurement)
• Patient observation window with a diameter of 45mm, featuring a built-in green fixation target

Mechanical Positioning System:

• Translating headrest assembly (integrated L/R detector)
• Automatic alignment mechanism (accuracy ±0.1mm)
• Transport locking device (protects internal precision components)

Electronic Control System:

• Main control board (with ESD electrostatic protection circuitry)
• PC card upgrade slot (supports remote software updates)
• RS-232C communication interface (adjustable baud rate from 2400 to 19200)

Human-Machine Interface:

• 5.6-inch LCD operation screen (adjustable contrast)
• 6-key membrane control panel
• Thermal printer (printing speed of 2 lines per second)

2.2 Innovative Functional Features

Compared to contemporary competitors, the AR360 boasts several technological innovations:

• Smart Measurement Modes: Supports single measurement, 3-average, and 5-average modes to effectively reduce random errors.
• Vertex Distance Compensation: Offers six preset values (0.0/12.0/13.5/13.75/15.0/16.5mm) to accommodate different frame types.
• Data Visualization Output: Capable of printing six types of refractive graphs (including emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, mixed astigmatism, etc.).
• Multilingual Support: Built-in with six operational interface languages, including English, French, and German.

III. Comprehensive Device Operation Guide

3.1 Initial Setup and Calibration

Unboxing Procedure:

• Remove the accessory tray (containing power cord, dust cover, printing paper, etc.)
• Release the transport lock (using the provided screwdriver, turn counterclockwise 6 times)
• Connect to power (note voltage specifications: 110V/230V)
• Perform power-on self-test (approximately 30 seconds)

Basic Parameter Configuration:
Through the MODE→SETUP menu, configure:

• Refractive power step size (0.01/0.12/0.25D)
• Cylinder display format (negative/positive/mixed cylinder)
• Automatic measurement switch (recommended to enable)
• Sleep time (auto-hibernation after 5-90 minutes of inactivity)

3.2 Standard Measurement Procedure

Step-by-Step Instructions:

Patient Preparation:

• Adjust seat height to ensure the patient is at eye level with the device.
• Instruct the patient to remove glasses/contact lenses.
• Explain the fixation target observation instructions.

Right Eye Measurement:

• Slide the headrest to the right position.
• Guide the patient to press their forehead firmly against the forehead support.
• The system automatically completes alignment and measurement (approximately 3-5 seconds).
• A “beep” sound indicates measurement completion.

Left Eye Measurement:

• Slide the headrest to the left position and repeat the procedure.
• Data is automatically associated and stored with the right eye measurement.

Data Management:

• Use the REVIEW menu to view detailed data.
• Press the PRINT key to output a report (supports图文混合 printing, i.e., a combination of graphics and text).
• Press CLEAR DATA to erase current measurement values.

3.3 Handling Special Scenarios

Common Problem Solutions:

Low Confidence Readings: May result from patient blinking or movement. Suggestions:

• Have the patient blink fully to moisten the cornea.
• Use tape to temporarily lift a drooping eyelid.
• Adjust head position to keep eyelashes out of the optical path.

Persistent Alignment Failures:

• Check the cleanliness of the observation window.
• Verify ambient lighting (avoid direct strong light).
• Restart the device to reset the system.

IV. Clinical Data Interpretation and Quality Control

4.1 Measurement Data Analysis

A typical printed report includes:

[Ref] Vertex = 13.75 mmSph   Cyl    Ax-2.25 -1.50  10-2.25 -1.50  10-2.25 -1.50  10Avg  -2.25 -1.50  10

Parameter Explanation:

• Sph (Sphere): Negative values indicate myopia; positive values indicate hyperopia.
• Cyl (Cylinder): Represents astigmatism power (axis determined by the Ax value).
• Vertex Distance: A critical parameter affecting the effective power of the lens.

4.2 Device Accuracy Verification

The AR360 ensures data reliability through a “triple verification mechanism”:

• Hardware-Level: Automatic optical calibration after each measurement.
• Algorithm-Level: Exclusion of outliers (automatically flags values with a standard deviation >0.5D).
• Operational-Level: Support for multiple measurement averaging modes.

Clinical verification data indicates:

• Sphere Repeatability: ±0.12D (95% confidence interval)
• Cylinder Axis Repeatability: ±5 degrees
  Meets ISO-9001 medical device certification requirements.

V. Maintenance and Troubleshooting

5.1 Routine Maintenance Protocol

Periodic Maintenance Tasks:

• Daily: Disinfect the forehead support with 70% alcohol.
• Weekly: Clean the observation window with dedicated lens paper.
• Monthly: Lubricate mechanical tracks with silicone-based lubricant.
• Quarterly: Optical path calibration (requires professional service).

Consumable Replacement:

• Printing Paper (Model 12441): Standard roll prints approximately 300 times.
• Fuse Specifications:
  • 110V model: T 0.63AL 250V
  • 230V model: T 0.315AL 250V

5.2 Fault Code Handling

Common Alerts and Solutions:

Code	Phenomenon	Solution
E01	Printer jam	Reload paper according to door diagram
E05	Voltage abnormality	Check power adapter connection
E12	Calibration failure	Perform manual calibration procedure
E20	Communication error	Restart device or replace RS232 cable

For unresolved faults, contact the authorized service center. Avoid disassembling the device yourself to prevent voiding the warranty.

VI. Technological Expansion and Clinical Applications

6.1 Comparison with Similar Products

Compared to traditional refraction devices, the AR360 offers significant advantages:

• Efficiency Improvement: Reduces single-eye measurement time from 30 seconds to 5 seconds.
• Simplified Operation: Reduces manual adjustment steps by 75%.
• Data Consistency: Eliminates manual interpretation discrepancies (CV value <2%).

6.2 Clinical Value Proposition

• Mass Screening: Rapid detection in schools, communities, etc.
• Preoperative Assessment: Provides baseline data for refractive surgeries.
• Progress Tracking: Establishes long-term refractive development archives.
• Lens Fitting Guidance: Precisely measures vertex distance for frame adaptation.

VII. Development Prospects and Technological Evolution

Although the AR360 already boasts advanced performance, future advancements can be anticipated:

• Bluetooth/WiFi wireless data transmission
• Integrated corneal topography measurement
• AI-assisted refractive diagnosis algorithms
• Cloud platform data management

As technology progresses, automated refraction devices will evolve toward being “more intelligent, more integrated, and more convenient,” with the AR360’s design philosophy continuing to influence the development of next-generation products.

This guide provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical principles, operational methods, and clinical value of the Reichert AR360 Auto Refractor. It aims to help users fully leverage the device’s capabilities and deliver more precise vision health services to patients. Regular participation in manufacturer-organized training sessions (at least once a year) is recommended to stay updated on the latest feature enhancements and best practice protocols.